The Jazz Age was a movement that took place during the 1920s, or the Roaring Twenties, from which jazz music and dance emerged with the introduction of mainstream radio and the end of the war. This era ended in the 1930s with the beginning of The Great Depression but has lived on in American pop culture for decades. With the introduction of jazz came an entirely new cultural movement in places like the United States, France and England. The birth of jazz music is often accredited to African Americans^[1] but expanded and modified to become socially acceptable to middle-class white Americans. White performers were used as a vehicle for the popularization of jazz music in America. Even though the jazz movement was taken over by the middle class white population, it facilitated the mesh of African American traditions and ideals with the white middle class society.^[2] Cities like New York and Chicago were cultural centers for jazz, and especially for African American artists. In urban areas, African American jazz was played on the radio more often than in the suburbs.^[3] 1920s youth used the influence of jazz to rebel against the traditional culture of previous generations.^[4] This youth rebellion of the 1920s went hand-in-hand with fads like bold fashion statements (flappers) and new radio concerts. As jazz flourished, American elites who preferred classical music sought to expand the listenship of their favored genre, hoping that jazz wouldn't become mainstream.^[5]

As the 1920s wore on, jazz, despite competition from classical music, rose in popularity and helped to generate a cultural shift. Dances like the Charleston, developed by African Americans, suddenly became popular among younger demographics.^[6] With the beginning of large-scale radio broadcasts in 1922,^[7] Americans were able to experience different styles of music without physically visiting a jazz club. The radio provided Americans with a trendy new avenue for exploring the world through broadcasts and concerts from the comfort of their living room.^[8] The most popular type of radio show was a "potter palm": amateur concerts and big-band jazz performances broadcasted from cities like New York and Chicago.^[9] Jazz artists like Louis Armstrong originally received very little airtime because most stations preferred to play the music of white American jazz singers. Big-band jazz, like that of James Reese Europe and Fletcher Henderson in New York, was also popular on the radio.^[10] This style represented African Americans in the cultural scene predominately controlled by white Americans.

Women in the Jazz Age [link]

With the women’s suffrage at its peak in the 1920s and the entrance of the flapper women began to make a statement within society and the Jazz Age was not immune to these new ideals. With women now taking part in the work force after the end of the First World War there were many more possibilities for women in terms of social life and entertainment. Ideas like equality and free sexuality were very popular during the time and women seemed to capitalize during this period. The 1920s saw the emergence of many famous women musicians including Bessie Smith. Bessie Smith also gained attention because she was not only a great singer but also an African American woman. She has grown through the ages to be one of the most well respected singers of all time. Singers such as Billie Holiday all the way to Janis Joplin are said to have been inspired by Bessie Smith.^[11] Another exception to the common stereotype of women at this time was piano player Lil Hardin Armstrong. She was given the piano part in her husband's big band radio performance series called Hot Five and then his next series called the Hot Seven ^[12] It was not until the 1930s and 1940s that many women jazz singers, such as Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday were recognized as successful artists in the music world.^[13] These women were persistent in striving to make their names known in the music industry and lead the way for many more women artists to come.^[14]

Further reading [link]

• Allen, Frederick Lewis. Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the Nineteen-Twenties (1931). online edition
• Best, Gary Dean. The Dollar Decade: Mammon and the Machine in 1920s America Praeger Publishers, 2003.
• Dumenil, Lynn. The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s Hill and Wang, 1995
• Fass; Paula. The Damned and the Beautiful: American Youth in the 1920s. Oxford University Press, 1977.
• David E. Kyvig; Daily Life in the United States, 1920-1939: Decades Promise and Pain Greenwood Press, (2002). online edition
• Leuchtenburg, William. The Perils of Prosperity, 1914–1932 University of Chicago Press, 1955.
• Lynd, Robert S., and Helen Merrill Lynd. Middletown: A Study in Modern American Culture Harcourt, Brace and World, 1929. Famous sociological study of Muncie, Indiana, in the 1920s.
• Mowry; George E. ed. The Twenties: Fords, Flappers, & Fanatics Prentice-Hall, 1963; readings
• Parrish, Michael E. Anxious Decades: America in Prosperity and Depression, 1920–1941 W. W. Norton, 1992

Notes [link]

External links [link]

• The Jazz Age In America
• Roaring Twenties from U S History.com
• https://www.jazzageclub.com/