Introduction

Introduction, The Introduction, Intro, or The Intro may refer to:

Intro (R&B group)

Intro is an American R&B trio from Brooklyn, New York City, New York. The trio consisted of members Jeff Sanders, Clinton "Buddy" Wike and lead singer/songwriter Kenny Greene. Intro released two albums (for Atlantic Records): 1993's Intro and their second album, 1995's New Life. The group had a string of US hits in the 1990s. The hits included the singles "Let Me Be The One", the Stevie Wonder cover "Ribbon in the Sky", "Funny How Time Flies" and their highest charting hit, "Come Inside".

Intro's Kenny Greene died from complications of AIDS in 2001. Intro recently emerged as a quintet consisting of Clinton "Buddy" Wike, Jeff Sanders, Ramon Adams and Eric Pruitt. Adams departed in 2014, with the group back down to its lineup as a trio. They are currently recording a new album to be released in 2015. The group released a new single in 2013 called "I Didn't Sleep With Her" and a new single "Lucky" in October 2014.

Discography

Albums

Singles

References

Introduction (music)

In music, the introduction is a passage or section which opens a movement or a separate piece, preceding the theme or lyrics. In popular music this is often abbreviated as intro. The introduction establishes melodic, harmonic, and/or rhythmic material related to the main body of a piece.

Introductions may consist of an ostinato that is used in the following music, an important chord or progression that establishes the tonality and groove for the following music, or they may be important but disguised or out-of-context motivic or thematic material. As such the introduction may be the first statement of primary or other important material, may be related to but different from the primary or other important material, or may bear little relation to any other material.

A common introduction to a rubato ballad is a dominant seventh chord with fermata, Play  an introduction that works for many songs is the last four or eight measures of the song, Play  while a common introduction to the twelve-bar blues is a single chorus. Play 

UTF-8

UTF-8 is a character encoding capable of encoding all possible characters, or code points, in Unicode.

The encoding is variable-length and uses 8-bit code units. It was designed for backward compatibility with ASCII, and to avoid the complications of endianness and byte order marks in the alternative UTF-16 and UTF-32 encodings. The name is derived from: Universal Coded Character Set + Transformation Format – 8-bit.

UTF-8 is the dominant character encoding for the World Wide Web, accounting for 86.2% of all Web pages in January 2016 (with the most popular East Asian encoding, GB 2312, at 0.9% and Shift JIS at 1.1%). The Internet Mail Consortium (IMC) recommends that all e-mail programs be able to display and create mail using UTF-8, and the W3C recommends UTF-8 as the default encoding in XML and HTML.

UTF-8 encodes each of the 1,112,064 valid code points in the Unicode code space (1,114,112 code points minus 2,048 surrogate code points) using one to four 8-bit bytes (a group of 8 bits is known as an octet in the Unicode Standard). Code points with lower numerical values (i.e., earlier code positions in the Unicode character set, which tend to occur more frequently) are encoded using fewer bytes. The first 128 characters of Unicode, which correspond one-to-one with ASCII, are encoded using a single octet with the same binary value as ASCII, making valid ASCII text valid UTF-8-encoded Unicode as well. And ASCII bytes do not occur when encoding non-ASCII code points into UTF-8, making UTF-8 safe to use within most programming and document languages that interpret certain ASCII characters in a special way, e.g. as end of string.

UTF-16

UTF-16 (16-bit Unicode Transformation Format) is a character encoding capable of encoding all 1,112,064 possible characters in Unicode. The encoding is variable-length, as code points are encoded with one or two 16-bit code units. (also see Comparison of Unicode encodings for a comparison of UTF-8, -16 & -32)

UTF-16 developed from an earlier fixed-width 16-bit encoding known as UCS-2 (for 2-byte Universal Character Set) once it became clear that a fixed-width 2-byte encoding could not encode enough characters to be truly universal.

History

In the late 1980s, work began on developing a uniform encoding for a "Universal Character Set" (UCS) that would replace earlier language-specific encodings with one coordinated system. The goal was to include all required characters from most of the world's languages, as well as symbols from technical domains such as science, mathematics, and music. The original idea was to expand the typical 256-character encodings requiring 1 byte per character with an encoding using 2¹⁶ = 65,536 values requiring 2 bytes per character. Two groups worked on this in parallel, the IEEE and the Unicode Consortium, the latter representing mostly manufacturers of computing equipment. The two groups attempted to synchronize their character assignments, so that the developing encodings would be mutually compatible. The early 2-byte encoding was usually called "Unicode", but is now called "UCS-2".

Macron below

Macron below, U+0331 ◌̱ COMBINING MACRON BELOW (HTML ̱), is a combining diacritical mark used in various orthographies.

It is not to be confused with "combining minus below" ̠ (U+0320), "combining low line"   ̲̲ (U+0332) and "low line" ("underscore") _ ). The difference between "macron below" and "low line" is that the latter will result in an unbroken underline when run together, compare a̱ḇc̱ vs. a̲b̲c̲ (of which only the latter should look like abc).

Note that the Unicode names of composed characters whose decompositions contain this character misleadingly have "line below" rather than "macron below". Thus, ḇ "Latin small letter b with line below" decomposes to "Latin small letter b" and "combining macron below".

Precomposed characters

Unicode has a number of precomposed characters with "macron below".