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Material is anything made of matter, constituted of one or more substances. Wood, cement, hydrogen, air and water are all examples of materials. Sometimes the term "material" is used more narrowly to refer to substances or components with certain physical properties that are used as inputs to production or manufacturing. In this sense, materials are the parts required to make something else, from buildings and art to stars and computers.
Raw materials and processing [link]
A material can be anything: a finished product in its own right or an unprocessed raw material. Raw materials are first harvested from the earth and divided into a form that can be easily transported and stored, then processed to produce semi-finished materials. These can be input into a new cycle of production and finishing processes to create finished materials, ready for distribution, construction, and consumption.
Some examples of raw materials [link]
- Cotton
An example of a raw material is cotton, which is harvested from plants. Cotton can be processed into rope(also considered a raw material), which can then be woven into cloth, a semi-finished material. Cutting and sewing the fabric turns it into a garment, which is a finished product.
- Steel
Steelmaking is another example – raw materials in the form of ore are mined, refined and processed into steel, a semi-finished material. Steel is then used as an input in many other industries to make finished products.
See also [link]
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Look up material in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Materials |
- Chemical compound
- Chemical substance
- Materiality (auditing)
- Materials science
- List of building materials
- Raw material
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Glossary of chess
This page explains commonly used terms in chess in alphabetical order. Some of these have their own pages, like fork and pin. For a list of unorthodox chess pieces, see Fairy chess piece; for a list of terms specific to chess problems, see Glossary of chess problems; for a list of chess-related games, see Chess variants.
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[adjective: prophylactic] Prophylactic techniques include the blockade, overprotection, and the mysterious rook move.
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References
Bibliography
Section (music)
In music, a section is "a complete, but not independent musical idea". Types of sections include the introduction or intro, exposition, recapitulation, verse, chorus or refrain, conclusion, coda or outro, fadeout, bridge or interlude. In sectional forms such as binary, the larger unit (form) is built from various smaller clear-cut units (sections) in combination, analogous to stanzas in poetry or somewhat like stacking legos.
Some well known songs consist of only one or two sections, for example "Jingle Bells" commonly contains verses ("Dashing through the snow...") and choruses ("Oh, jingle bells..."). It may contain "auxiliary members" such as an introduction and/or outro, especially when accompanied by instruments (the piano starts and then: "Dashing...").
A section is, "a major structural unit perceived as the result of the coincidence of relatively large numbers of structural phenomena." An episode may also refer to a section.
A passage is a musical idea that may or may not be complete or independent. For example, fill, riff, and all sections.
Intonarumori
Intonarumori are a group of experimental musical instruments built and invented by the Italian futurist Luigi Russolo between roughly 1910 and 1930. There were 27 varieties of intonarumori in total with different names.
Background
Russolo built these instruments to perform the music outlined in his Art of Noises manifesto. The instruments were completely acoustic, not electronic. The boxes had various types of internal construction to create different types of noise. Often a wheel was touching a string attached to a drum. The wheel rattled or bowed the strings, while the drum functioned as an acoustic resonator. Many of the instruments featured a handle on top of the box, which was used to vary the string tension. Pulling the handle raised the tone, and the horn attached to the box amplified the sound. Intonarumori ('noise makers' in Italian) made noise, but not at a very loud volume, since they were all acoustic devices.
Intonarumori reconstruction
Most of Russolo's instruments were destroyed in Paris when that city was bombed during World War II. Others have simply disappeared. Original sketches still exist, however, along with a few sound recordings of the original instruments. Based on these sources, three collections of reconstructions exist.
Intonarumori (album)
Intonarumori is a 1998 album by the New York based no wave music group Material.
Track listing
Intonarumori (band)
Intonarumori is the alias of the Seattle-based composer Kevin Goldsmith. Goldsmith started composing experimental electronic works under the name "The Unit Circle" while living in Chicago in 1986. After moving to Seattle in 1994, he adopted the new pseudonym, Intonarumori as a tribute to the Futurist arts movement as well as a reference to the Intonarumori machines created by Luigi Russolo.
