Treaty between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms Договор между Российской Федерацией и Соединёнными Штатами Америки о мерах по дальнейшему сокращению и ограничению стратегических наступательных вооружений |
|
---|---|
![]() Presidents Obama and Medvedev after signing the Prague Treaty. |
|
Type | Strategic nuclear disarmament |
Drafted | 19 May–9 November 2009 |
Signed | 8 April 2010 |
Location | Prague, Czech Republic |
Effective | 5 February 2011[1][2] |
Condition | Ratification of both parties |
Expiration | 5 February 2021 (Option to extend until 2026) |
Signatories | Barack Obama Dmitry Medvedev |
Parties | ![]() ![]() |
Ratifiers | United States Senate Federal Assembly of Russia |
Languages | English, Russian |
New START (for Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) (Russian: СНВ-III, SNV-III) is a nuclear arms reduction treaty between the United States of America and the Russian Federation with the formal name of Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. It was signed on 8 April 2010 in Prague,[3] and, after ratification, entered into force on 5 February 2011.[4][5] It is expected to last at least until 2021.
New START replaced the Treaty of Moscow (SORT), which was due to expire in December 2012. In terms of name, it is a follow-up to the START I treaty, which expired in December 2009, the proposed START II treaty, which never entered into force, and the START III treaty, for which negotiations were never concluded.
Under terms of the treaty, the number of strategic nuclear missile launchers will be reduced by half. A new inspection and verification regime will be established, replacing the SORT mechanism. It does not limit the number of operationally inactive stockpiled nuclear warheads, that remain in the high thousands in both the Russian and American inventories.[6]
Contents |
Under the terms of the treaty, the number of strategic nuclear missile launchers will be reduced by half. The treaty limits the number of deployed strategic nuclear warheads to 1,550, which is down nearly two-thirds from the original START treaty, as well as 10% lower than the deployed strategic warhead limit of the 2002 Moscow Treaty.[7] The total number of deployed warheads, however, could exceed the 1,550 limit by a few hundred because per bomber only one warhead is counted regardless of how many it actually carries.[7] It will also limit the number of deployed and non-deployed inter-continental ballistic missile (ICBM) launchers, submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) launchers, and heavy bombers equipped for nuclear armaments to 800. The number of deployed ICBMs, SLBMs, and heavy bombers equipped for nuclear armaments is limited to 700.[8] The treaty allows for satellite and remote monitoring, as well as 18 on-site inspections per year to verify limits.[7]
Type | Limit |
---|---|
Deployed missiles and bombers | 700 |
Deployed warheads (RVs and bombers) | 1550 |
Deployed and Non-deployed Launchers (missile tubes and bombers) | 800 |
These obligations must be met within seven years from the date the treaty enters into force. The treaty will last ten years, with an option to renew it for up to five years upon agreement of both parties.[10] The treaty will enter into force when the United States and Russia exchange instruments of ratification, following approval by the U.S. Senate and the Federal Assembly of Russia.[11] However, the United States began implementing the reductions even before the treaty was ratified.[12]
Documents made available to the U.S. Senate described[clarification needed] removal from service of at least 30 missile silos, 34 bombers and 56 submarine launch tubes, though missiles removed would not be destroyed and bombers could be converted to conventional use. While 4 of 24 launchers on each of the 14 ballistic missile nuclear submarines would be removed, none would be retired.[13]
The treaty places no limits on tactical systems, such as the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, even though the F-35 may replace the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit in the manned nuclear armed penetration bomber role.[14]
The treaty does not cover rail-mobile ICBM launchers because neither side currently possesses such systems. ICBMs on such launchers would be covered under the generic launcher limits, but the inspection details for such systems would have to be worked out between the parties if such systems were reintroduced in the future.[15]
The New START treaty is the successor to the START I. The START II was signed, but not ratified. The START III negotiating process was not successful.
The drafting of the treaty commenced in April 2009 immediately after the meeting between the presidents of the two countries, Barack Obama and Dmitry Medvedev, in London.[16] Preliminary talks were already held in Rome on 27 April,[17] although it was originally planned to have them held in the middle of May.[18]
Prolonged talks were conducted by U.S. and Russian delegations, led on the American side by U.S. State Department Assistant Secretary Rose Gottemoeller. The Russian delegation was headed by Anatoly Antonov, director of security and disarmament at the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[19]
Talks were held on:
On the morning of 6 July, the agreement on the text of the "Joint Understanding on Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms" was announced,[27][28] which was signed by Medvedev and Obama during the US Presidential visit to Moscow the same day. The document listed the intention of both parties to reduce the number of nuclear warheads to 1,500 – 1,675 units, as well as their delivery weapons to 500 – 1,100 units.[29]
Presidents Obama and Medvedev announced on 26 March 2010 that they had reached an agreement, and they signed the treaty on 8 April 2010 in Prague.[3]
On 13 May, the agreement was submitted by U.S. President Barack Obama for ratification in the U.S. Senate. Ratification required 67 votes in favor (out of 100 Senators). On Tuesday, 16 September 2010 the Senate Foreign Relations Committee voted 14–4 in favor of ratifying New START. The measure had support from three Senate Republicans: Richard Lugar of Indiana, Bob Corker of Tennessee, and Johnny Isakson of Georgia.[30] Senator John Kerry[31] and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton have expressed optimism that a deal on ratification was near.[32]
Republicans in the Senate generally deferred to Jon Kyl (R-AZ), a leading conservative on defense issues, who sought a strong commitment to modernize U.S. nuclear forces, and questioned whether there was time for ratification during the lame duck session, calling for an opening of the negotiation record before a vote is held.[33] Senator Ben Nelson (D-NE) joined Kyl in expressing skepticism over the timing of ratification,[34] and Senator Kit Bond (R-MO) has expressed opposition.[35]
Obama made New START ratification a priority during the 2010 post-election lame duck session of Congress, and Senators John Kerry (D-MA) and Richard Lugar (R-IN), the Democratic Chairman and senior Republican on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, were leading supporters of the treaty.[36][37][38]
On 22 December 2010, the U.S. Senate gave its advice and consent to ratification of the treaty, by a vote of 71 to 26 on the resolution or ratification.[39] Thirteen Republican Senators crossed party lines to vote in favor of the resolution, along with all 56 Democratic senators and both Independent senators.[40]
Obama signed documents completing the U.S. ratification process on 2 February 2011.[41]
On 28 May 2010, the document was introduced by Medvedev for consideration in the State Duma. On 6 July, the State Duma held parliamentary hearings on the treaty, which was attended by representatives from the Foreign Ministry and General Staff. On 8 July, the Duma Defense Committee and the International Affairs Committee recommended that the State Duma ratify the treaty.
However, on 29 October, the chairman of the Duma International Affairs Committee, Konstantin Kosachev, called for the return of the document to committee hearings, noting that the agreement does not restrict the activities of the United States on missile defense, as well as the fact that ballistic missiles with non-nuclear warheads are not covered under the agreement. At the same time, Federation Council Chairman Sergei Mironov proposed not to rush to the amendment, or vote on the treaty, and to monitor the discussions in the U.S. Senate.
Following ratification by the U.S. Senate, the formal first reading of the treaty was held on 24 December and the State Duma voted its approval. The State Duma approved a second reading of the treaty on 14 January 2011.[42] Three hundred and forty-nine deputies out of 450 voted in favor of ratification.
The third and final reading by the State Duma took place on 25 January 2011 and the ratification resolution was approved by a vote of 350 deputies in favor, 96 against, and one abstention.[43] It was then approved unanimously by the Federation Council on the next day.[4][44]
On 28 January 2011, Medvedev signed the ratification resolution passed by the Federal Assembly, completing the Russian ratification process.[5] The treaty went into force when Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton exchanged the instruments of ratification at the Security Conference in Munich, Germany, on 5 February 2011.[1][4][5]
The New START Treaty requires a number of specific actions within periods after Entry into Force (EIF) (5 February 2011)[45]
In the United States, a debate about whether to ratify the treaty took place during the lead-up to the 2010 midterm elections and in the lame-duck congressional session afterward. While one public opinion poll showed broad support for ratification,[46] another showed general skepticism over nuclear arms reductions.[47][48][unreliable source?]
The Arms Control Association led efforts to rally political support, arguing that the treaty is needed to restore on-site verification and lend predictability to the U.S.-Russian strategic relationship.[49] Other organizations supporting the treaty include the Federation of American Scientists,[50] and disarmament expert Peter Wilk of Physicians for Social Responsibility called the New START treaty “essential” to ensuring a safer world and stronger diplomatic ties with Russia.[51]
Republican supporters included former President George H. W. Bush[52] and all six former Republican Secretaries of State, who wrote supportive op-eds in the Washington Post[53] and the Wall Street Journal.[54] Conservative columnist Robert Kagan, who supported the treaty, says its goals are actually modest compared to previous START treaties and that the treaty should not fail because of partisan disagreements. Kagan said the Republican insistence on upgrading the U.S. nuclear arsenal was reasonable but would not be affected by the current language of the treaty.[55]
The Heritage Action for America advocacy group, an affiliate of the Heritage Foundation, took the lead in opposing New START, lobbying the Senate along with running a petition drive and airing political advertisements before November's midterm elections. The effort drew the support of likely presidential candidate Mitt Romney, and has been credited by former Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle as changing some Republican votes.[56] According to Heritage Foundation President Ed Feulner, the language of the New START treaty would "definitely" reduce America's nuclear weapon capacity but "wouldn't necessarily" reduce Russia's, and Russia would maintain a 10–1 advantage in tactical nuclear weapons, which are not counted in the treaty.[57]
Arms control experts critical of the treaty included Robert Joseph, former undersecretary of state for arms control and international security, and Eric Edelman, undersecretary of defense for policy, who have written that the treaty weakens U.S. defenses.[58] Former CIA Director James Woolsey also said that "concessions to Russian demands make it difficult to support Senate approval of the new treaty".[59]
Senators Jon Kyl and Mitch McConnell complained about a lack of funding for the Next-Generation Bomber during the treaty debate even though this platform would not be constrained by this treaty.[60][61] During the Senatorial debate over the US ratification of the New START Treaty with Russia, Senator James Inhofe (R-OK) stated that "Russia cheats in every arms control treaty we have with them", which caused a uproar in Russian media.[62] Additionally, there were concerns about the possibility of restrictions being imposed on the deployment of missile defense systems by the U.S.[63][64]
Current information on the aggregate numbers and locations of nuclear weapons have not yet been made public under the New START treaty,[65] and on 13 May 2011 three former U.S. officials and two non-proliferation experts signed an open letter to both sides asking that the information be released, in order to promote transparency, reduce mistrust, and support the nuclear arms control process in other states.[66]
State | Deployed ICBMs, Deployed SLBMs, and Deployed Heavy Bombers | Warheads on Deployed ICBMs, Deployed SLBMs, and Nuclear Warheads Counted for Deployed Heavy Bombers | Deployed and Non-deployed Launchers of ICBMs and SLBMs, and Deployed and Non-deployed Heavy Bombers |
---|---|---|---|
Russian Federation | 516 | 1,566 | 871 |
United States of America | 822 | 1,790 | 1,043 |
The data that follows were made public under the prior START treaty.
State | Deployed ICBMs and Their Associated Launchers, Deployed SLBMs and Their Associated Launchers, and Deployed Heavy Bombers | Warheads Attributed to Deployed ICBMs, Deployed SLBMs, and Deployed Heavy Bombers | Warheads Attributed to Deployed ICBMs and Deployed SLBMs | Throw-weight of Deployed ICBMs and Deployed SLBMs (MT) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Russian Federation[68] | 809 | 3,897 | 3,289 | 2,297.0 |
United States of America[68] | 1,188 | 5,916 | 4,864 | 1,857.3 |
Delivery Vehicles | Warheads | |
---|---|---|
R-36M UTTH / M2 (SS-18 M4/M5) | 68 | 680 |
UR-100N UTTH (SS-19) | 72 | 432 |
RT-2PM Topol mobile (SS-25) | 180 | 180 |
RT-2PM2 Topol M silo (SS-27) | 50 | 50 |
RT-2PM2 Topol M mobile (SS-27 M1) | 15 | 15 |
RS-24 Yars mobile (SS-27 Mod-X-2) | 0 | 0 |
ICBM (total) | 383 | 1,355 |
R-29 RL (SS-N-18) | 4/64 | 192 |
R-29 RM (SS-N-23) | 3/48 | 192 |
R-29 RMU Sineva (SS-N-23) | 3/48 | 192 |
RSM-56 Bulava (SS-NX-32) | (2/0) | 0 |
SLBM (total) | 10/160 | 576 |
TU-95 MS6 (Bear H6) | 32 | 192 |
TU-95 MS16 (Bear H16) | 31 | 496 |
TU-160 (Blackjack) | 14 | 168 |
Bomber force (total) | 77 | 856 |
Strategic forces (total) | 620 | 2,787 |
Delivery Vehicles | Warheads | |
---|---|---|
Minuteman III W78/Mk12A | 250 | 350 |
Minuteman III W87/Mk21 | 200 | 200 |
ICBM (total) | 450 | 550 |
UGM-133A Trident II D-5 W76-0/Mk4 | 288 | 718 |
UGM-133A Trident II D-5 W76-1/Mk4A | 50 | |
UGM-133A Trident II D-5 W88/Mk5 | 384 | |
SLBM (total) | 288 | 1,152 |
B-2 | 20 | na |
B-52H | 93 | na |
B61-7 | na | 150 |
B61-11 | na | |
B-83 | na | |
ALCM/W80-1 | na | 350 |
Bomber force (total) | 113 | 500 |
Strategic forces (total) | 851 | 2,202 |
![]() |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: START treaty (2010) |
|
Kuiba 3 (Chinese: 魁拔Ⅲ战神崛起) is a 2014 Chinese animated fantasy action adventure film directed by Wang Chuan, Zhang Gang and Zhou Jie. It was released on October 1 in China. The film is preceded by Kuiba 2 (2013) and will be followed by Kuiba 4, scheduled for release in 2017.
The film earned CN¥24.298 million at the Chinese box office.
Xenosaga Episode III: Also Sprach Zarathustra (ゼノサーガ エピソードIII ツァラトゥストラはかく語りき Zenosāga Episōdo Surī Tsaratusutora wa Kaku Katariki) is a role-playing video game for the PlayStation 2, and the third game in the primary Xenosaga trilogy. Also sprach Zarathustra, literally "Thus spoke Zarathustra", is also the title of Friedrich Nietzsche's most famous work, which introduced the concept of the Übermensch. The game was developed by Monolith Soft and published by Namco for the PlayStation 2 on July 6, 2006, in Japan and on August 29, 2006, in North America.
Trace is the first album by Son Volt, released in 1995. The band was formed the previous year by Jay Farrar after the breakup of the influential alt-country band Uncle Tupelo. The album reached #166 on the Billboard 200 album chart and received extremely favorable reviews. According to Allmusic, "Throughout Son Volt's debut, Trace, the group reworks classic honky tonk and rock & roll, adding a desperate, determined edge to their performances. Even when they rock out, there is a palpable sense of melancholy to Farrar's voice, which lends a poignancy to the music." The album was in the top 10 of Rolling Stone's 1995 critics' list.
"Drown" was a minor college and rock radio hit. It charted at #10 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and #25 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. It remains their only single to chart on either of the charts.
All of the songs were written by Farrar except "Mystifies Me", written by Ronnie Wood.
Trace is the fifth album by Australian rock band Died Pretty. It was released in 1993. The album was the most commercially successful of the band's career, peaking at No.11 on the ARIA album charts, while a single, "Harness Up" (August 1993), peaked at No.35. A four-track EP, "Caressing Swine" (June), and two other singles, "Headaround" (November) and "A State of Graceful Mourning" (December), failed to chart.
Despite its commercial success, singer and songwriter Ron Peno has expressed disappointment with it. In a 1995 interview he said: "There were some nice moments on Trace, and there were some moments that fell short of the mark. Some songs that just didn't quite get there. It was a valiant attempt, but it didn't make it. Out of all the songs that came from Trace, we only perform one with any regularity, and that's 'Harness Up'. Occasionally we have been doing 'State of Graceful Mourning'—to me, they're the two highlights of the album." Peno acknowledged the production of Trace might have been too polished. "I think we're were getting a bit soft in the sound department. We were losing that hard edge."
Trace is a crime fiction novel by Patricia Cornwell.
Trace is the thirteenth book of the Dr. Kay Scarpetta series by author Patricia Cornwell.
Dr. Kay Scarpetta, having left Richmond, Virginia five years ago to become a freelancer, is asked to return at the request of her replacement, Chief Medical Examiner Joel Marcus. A young girl has been murdered, but very few clues are available. In parallel her niece Lucy is investigating an attack on her companion Henri. Henri has been sent for analysis and safe keeping to stay with Benton Wesley, Scarpetta's partner. Scarpetta's investigations are hampered by Marcus's ineptness and the disarray of her former lab.
Interlude (インタールード Intārūdo) is an anime and visual novel by Longshot told in parallel novel style that follows the events around three women. Interlude was originally released for the Sega Dreamcast on March 13, 2003, a rare occurrence for visual novels, as most are released for the PC first. PlayStation 2 and PC ports were later also released. The PS2 version received a 'The Best' budget price re-release on March 1, 2007.
The player assumes the role of an unnamed protagonist in the series. In the OVA, that character is voiced by Masakazu Morita in the Japanese dub, and by Marlowe Gardiner-Heslin in the English dub. The three main women are: