Inner emigration

Inner emigration is a controversial term used to describe German writers who were opposed to Nazism yet chose to remain in Germany after the Nazis seized power in 1933. The term was coined by Frank Thiess in his response to Thomas Mann's BBC broadcast on the subject of German guilt.

Origin

Delphine de Girardin, writing in 1839 about French aristocracy during the July Monarchy, uses the term "Émigration Intérieure":

Living in exile in the United States in the 1940s, the German writer Thomas Mann was concerned with the issue of German responsibility for World War II and the Holocaust. He wrote several essays on the subject, including "Deutsche Schuld und Unschuld" ("German Guilt and Innocence") and "Über Schuld und Erziehung" ("On Guilt and Education"). After reading about the liberation of the Nazi concentration camps in 1945, Mann said in a German-language BBC broadcast:

Frank Thiess argued that only those who had experienced life in Nazi Germany had a right to speak for Germans about their guilt, and that, if anything, the "innere Emigranten" ("inner emigrants") had shown more moral courage than those who had observed events from a safe remove. In response, Mann declared that all works published under Hitler stank of "Blut und Schande" ("blood and shame") and should be destroyed. As a result of this controversy, German literature of the period is still categorized in terms of the authors' moral status rather than the political content or aesthetic value of their writings.

Interior

Interior may refer to:

See also

Inner Six

The Inner Six, or simply The Six, were the six founding member states of the European Communities. They were in contrast to the outer seven who formed the European Free Trade Association rather than engage in supranational European integration. Five of the outer seven later joined the European Communities.

History

The inner six are those who responded to the Schuman Declaration's call for the pooling of coal and steel resources under a common High Authority. The six signed the Treaty of Paris creating the European Coal and Steel Community on 18 April 1951 (which came into force on 23 July 1952). Following on from this, they attempted to create a European Defence Community: with the idea of allowing West Germany to rearm under the authority of a common European military command, a treaty was signed in 1952. However the plan was rejected by the Senate of France, which also scuppered the draft treaty for a European Political Community (which would have created a political federation to ensure democratic control over the new European army). President of the ECSC High Authority, and architect of the ECSC, Jean Monnet resigned in protest and began work on a new plan concentrating on economic fields.