Labyrinth

In Greek mythology, the Labyrinth (Greek λαβύρινθος labyrinthos) was an elaborate structure designed and built by the legendary artificer Daedalus for King Minos of Crete at Knossos. Its function was to hold the Minotaur eventually killed by the hero Theseus. Daedalus had so cunningly made the Labyrinth that he could barely escape it after he built it.

Although early Cretan coins occasionally exhibit branching (multicursal) patterns, the single-path (unicursal) seven-course "Classical" design without branching or dead ends became associated with the Labyrinth on coins as early as 430 BC, and similar non-branching patterns became widely used as visual representations of the Labyrinth – even though both logic and literary descriptions make it clear that the Minotaur was trapped in a complex branching maze. Even as the designs became more elaborate, visual depictions of the mythological Labyrinth from Roman times until the Renaissance are almost invariably unicursal. Branching mazes were reintroduced only when garden mazes became popular during the Renaissance.

Bony labyrinth

The bony labyrinth (also osseous labyrinth or otic capsule) is the rigid, bony outer wall of the inner ear in the temporal bone. It consists of three parts: the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea. These are cavities hollowed out of the substance of the bone, and lined by periosteum. They contain a clear fluid, the perilymph, in which the membranous labyrinth is situated.

A fracture classification system in which temporal bone fractures detected on CT are delineated based on disruption of the otic capsule has been found to be predictive for complications of temporal bone trauma such as facial nerve injury, sensorineural deafness and cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea. On radiographic images, the otic capsule is the most dense portion of the temporal bone.

In otospongiosis, a leading cause of adult-onset hearing loss, the otic capsule is exclusively affected. This area normally undergoes no remodeling in adult life, and is extremely dense. With otospongiosis, the normally dense enchondral bone is replaced by haversian bone, a spongy and vascular matrix that results in sensorineural hearing loss due to compromise of the conductive capacity of the inner ear ossicles. This results in hypodensity on CT, with the portion first affected usually being the fissula ante fenestram.

Labyrinth (Miró, Joan)

Labyrinth is the set of sculptures and ceramics created by the Catalan artist Joan Miró for Marguerite Aimé Maeght, between 1961 and 1981. It is currently located at the Maeght Foundation in Saint Paul de Vence, France.

It consists of 250 works, mainly sculptures, scattered in a garden with terraces overlooking the sea, which illustrate the story of the connection between the Maeght family and Joan Miró. The labyrinth is a walk through the mind and imagination of the artist.

History

At the beginning of the 1960s, Joan Miró took an active part in Aimé Maeght's project in Saint-Paul-de-Vence. Maeght visited the artist in Cala Major (Majorca), and entrusted Josep Lluís Sert —the architect that designed Barcelona's Fundació Joan Miró— with the project of a building and a garden which included a special space to host artworks by Joan Miró. After a short period of reflection, Miró decided that he would make a labyrinth. He worked together with Josep Artigas and Joan Gardy Artigas to create the ceramic artworks that would be placed in the gardens, and he also worked together with Sert to design the building and surrounding space. Afterwards, Miró prepared several mockups of the artworks, which were finally built in marble, concrete, iron, bronze and/or ceramics. Some of the most outstanding artworks are La fourche (The Fork, built in bronze in 1973) and Le Disque (The Disk, built in ceramics that same year).

Infidel

Infidel (literally "unfaithful") is a pejorative term used in certain religions for those who do not believe the central tenets of one's own religion, are members of another religion, or are not religious.

Infidel is an ecclesiastical term in Christianity around which the Church developed a body of theology that deals with the concept of infidelity, which makes a clear differentiation between those who were baptized and followed the teachings of the Church versus those who are outside the faith. The term infidel was used by Christians to describe those perceived as the enemies of Christianity.

After the ancient world the concept of otherness, an exclusionary notion of the outside by societies with more or less coherent cultural boundaries, became associated with the development of the monotheistic and prophetic religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.

In modern era literature, the term infidel includes in its scope atheists,polytheists,animists,heathen and pagan. Infidel as a concept is sometimes contrasted with the concept of religious pluralism.

Infidels (Bob Dylan album)

Infidels is the twenty-second studio album by American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, released on October 27, 1983 by Columbia Records.

Produced by Mark Knopfler and Dylan himself, Infidels is seen as his return to secular music, following a conversion to Christianity, three evangelical, gospel records and a subsequent return to a less religious lifestyle. Though he has never abandoned religious imagery, Infidels gained much attention for its focus on more personal themes of love and loss, in addition to commentary on the environment and geopolitics. Christopher Connelly of Rolling Stone called those gospel albums just prior to Infidels "lifeless", and saw Infidels as making Bob Dylan's career viable again. According to Connelly and others, Infidels is Dylan's best poetic and melodic work since Blood on the Tracks.

The critical reaction was the strongest for Dylan in years, almost universally hailed for its songwriting and performances. The album also fared well commercially, reaching #20 in the US and going gold, and #9 in the UK. Still, many fans and critics were disappointed that several songs were inexplicably cut from the album just prior to mastering—primarily "Blind Willie McTell", considered a career highlight by many critics, and not officially released until it appeared on The Bootleg Series Volume III eight years later.

Infidels (band)

Infidels were a Canadian funk-rock band in the 1990s.

The band formed in 1990 when Molly Johnson reunited with Norman Orenstein, her partner in the short-lived 1980s band Alta Moda. The duo originally wrote a number of songs that they planned to offer to Candi and the Backbeat, but got an unexpected response after sending them to the Canadian division of IRS Records, Candi's label: president Paul Orescan had been a big fan of Alta Moda, and wanted to sign the duo to record a new album. Considering Alta Moda to be a finished project, Johnson chose the new name as a tribute to the Bob Dylan album Infidels. They added Washington Savage, Jeff Jones and Owen Tennyson to the lineup, and released a self-titled album in 1991.

The single "100 Watt Bulb" peaked at #25 in the RPM charts the week of November 23, 1991, and "Celebrate" peaked at #12 the week of February 22, 1992. "Without Love" and "Shaking" also garnered radio play in 1992 and both reached RPM's CanCon monitor charts, but neither song reached the magazine's main singles chart. Despite the chart success of "100 Watt Bulb" and "Celebrate", however, the album was only a modest seller, peaking at #74 in RPM's albums chart the week of February 29, 1992.