In nomine Domini (Latin: In the name of the Lord) is a papal bull written by Pope Nicholas II and a canon of the Council of Rome. The bull was issued on 13 April 1059[note 1] and caused major reforms in the system of papal election, most notably establishing the cardinal-bishops as the sole electors of the pope, with the consent of minor clergy.

Contents

Background [link]

Until the publication of the bull, the election of the pope was often decided by a puppet electoral process.[2] The Holy Roman Emperor often directly named a deceased pope’s replacement, or a the pontiff named his own successor.[3] Such a nomination under the canon law was not a valid election[4] and the legal electors would have to ratify the choice, though undoubtedly they would naturally be swayed by circumstances to give effect to the imperial preference.[3][note 2]

In the 1050s, Cardinal Hildebrand (the future Pope Gregory VII) began to challenge the Holy Roman Emperor's right of approbation.[5] The predecessor of Nicholas II, Pope Stephen IX, had been elected during a period of confusion following the death of Emperor Henry III and, twelve months later, the death of Pope Victor II, whom Henry III had installed as pope.[5] Stephen IX's election had obtained the consent of the empress-regent, Agnes de Poitou, despite the omission of the traditional preliminaries and the waiting of the cardinals for the imperial nomination.[5]

Soon after his appointment as pope in 1058, upon the death of Stephen IX, Nicholas II called a synod at Sutri, with imperial endorsement provided by presence of an imperial chancellor.[5] The first task of the synod was to denounce and excommunicate the irregularly elected Antipope Benedict X, who was a puppet of the powerful Count of Tusculum and presently in Rome.[6]

Accompanied by troops provided by the Duke of Lorraine, Nicholas made his way to Rome and Benedict fled.[7] Nicholas was consecrated pope on 24 January 1059[3] with wide acceptance of the Roman people.[note 3] Keen to avoid future controversy in papal elections, and curb the outside influence exerted by none-ecclesiastical parties, in April 1059 he summoned a synod in Rome.[6] In nomine Domini was the codification of the synod’s resolutions.[8]

Contents [link]

Rights of the Holy Roman Emperor [link]

The bull curtailed the rights of the emperor in papal elections. Specifically the following was brought into the canon law:

  • Implicitly, the right of approbation of the pontiff by the emperor was abolished.[6][note 4]
  • The right of imperial conformation of the pope was retained, but it became less powerful, being a mere personal privilege granted to the emperor by the Roman See and could be revoked at any time.[5]

Church reform [link]

Nicholas also introduced reforms to combat scandals within the church at the time, especially concerning the lives of priests and religious. The following prohibitions were published:

  • Simoniacal ordinations were outlawed.[7]
  • Lay investiture was forbidden.[9]
  • Assistance at and celebration of the Mass by a priest living in notorious concubinage was prohibited.[7]
  • The rules governing the lives of canons and nuns proclaimed at the diet of Aix-la-Chapelle in 817 were rescinded.[7][note 5]

Papal elections [link]

The major part of the bull deals with papal elections. The procedure and rules can be summarised as follows:

  • When a pope dies, the cardinal-bishops should confer among themselves as to a candidate.[7]
  • When a candidate has been deduced the cardinal-bishops and all other cardinals are to proceed to an election.[7]
  • The remainder of the clergy and laity retain the right of acclaiming their choice.[5][note 6]
  • A member of the Roman clergy is to be chosen, unless a qualified candidate cannot be found. In this case, an ecclesiastic from another diocese may be elected.[9]
  • The election must be held in Rome, unless outside influences would make this impossible. In this case, the election may take place elsewhere. [9]
  • If war or other circumstances prevent a papal enthronement or coronation of the elected candidate, the candidate will still enjoy full Apostolic authority.[7]
  • The right of imperial conformation of the pope was retained, but it became less powerful.[4]

Aftermath and reception [link]

Robert Guiscard is proclaimed by Pope Nicholas II as a duke as the cardinal-bishops look on.

The bull was followed by an alliance between the papacy and Robert Guiscard, who was made Duke of Apulia and Calabria and Sicily by the Holy See in exchange for annual tribute and him guaranteeing the security of the See of Saint Peter.[5] [note 7] Notwithstanding the bull, Nicolas II's successor, Pope Alexander II was consecrated without the approbation of the empress-regent, and was thus opposed by the imperial nominee Antipope Honorius II.[10]

The electoral reforms of the bull were not received well in all quarters.[8] The precedent that only cardinal-bishops could vote in elections was met with destine by the minor Roman clergy. The cardinal-bishops, because of their offices, were “distinctly none-Roman,”[5] thus removing the control held by the Roman metropolitan church over the election of the pontiff. The bull was also a set back for the cardinal-priests and cardinal-deacons, from whom, in theory, the next pope had to be chosen from before the bull was issued.[8]

Legacy [link]

In nomine Domini was the first in a series of bulls which radically reformed the process of election to the Chair of Saint Peter.[6] The bull did not, however, totally remove the influence of the imperial faction. Rather, the power of the Holy Roman Emperor was gradually eroded until he was deprived of his privilege of papal appointment at the Concordat of Worms in 1122.[11]

The bill was also instrumental in the establishment of the College of Cardinals, which did not fully come into force until the election of Pope Innocent II in 1130.[12] For the first time cardinals were distinguished as a group set apart for the highest privileges of the church, including the election of the successor of Saint Peter.[13] 

Text and translations [link]

See also [link]

References [link]

Notes [link]

  1. ^ XIIth Indiction.[1]
  2. ^ It was in this way that the Holy Roman Emperor Otto III appointed Gregory V and Sylvester II pope.[3]
  3. ^ Gurugé states that this willingness of the Roman people to accept Nicholas was not so much his personality but the "lavish largess (sic.)" paid to them by his chief advisor, Hildebrand.[8]
  4. ^ Although the bull does state that due regard is to be had for the right of confirmation or recognition conceded to King Henry, and the same deference is to be shown to his successors, who have been granted personally a like privilege.[7]
  5. ^ Weber states that this was "because they allowed private property and such abundant food that, as the bishops indignantly exclaimed, they were adapted to sailors and intemperate matrons rather than to clerics and nuns."[7]
  6. ^ Cardinales Episcopi, cum religiosis clericis, Catholicisque laicis, licet paucis, jus potestatis obtineant eligere Apostolicæ sedis pontificem, ubi cum rege congruentius judicaverunt.[4]
  7. ^ Guiscard had already conquered Apulia and Calabria upon the formation of the alliance, but would have to take Sicily from the Saracens.[5]

References [link]

  1. ^ Depuydt, Leo (1987). "A.D. 297 as the Beginning of the First Indiction Cycle". Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists (The Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists) 24 (3-4): 137-139. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/b/basp/0599796.0024.003/52:7?page=root;size=100;view=text. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 
  2. ^ Thatcher, Oliver J. (1907 (reprint June 1971)). A Source Book for Medieval History: Selected Documents Illustrating the History of Europe in the Middle Age. Ams Pr Inc. (1971 Edition). pp. 113. ISBN 0404063632. 
  3. ^ a b c d Fanning, W. (1911). "Papal Elections". The Catholic Encyclopaedia. Robert Appleton Company. ISBN 0840731752. 
  4. ^ a b c Smith, S. B. (1805 (reprint 24 December 2009). "Ecclesiastical punishments". Elements of Ecclesiastical Law. BiblioBazaar - reprint of historic original. pp. 83-85. ISBN 1113699566. 
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Heinrich, Friedrich (1877). "The ecclesiastical election of popes / Pope Nicholas II., 1059". In Fairfax, Edward (ed.). Church and state: their relations historically developed. Book on Demand. pp. 193-197. ISBN B007OFIHQ8. 
  6. ^ a b c d Mann, Rt. Rev. Monsignor Horance K. (1929). "Pope Nicholas II". The Lives of the Popes in the Middle Ages. B. Herder; Binding Thread Showing edition. pp. 226-260. ISBN B001DIPEJA. 
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fanning, W. (1911). "Pope Nicholas II". The Catholic Encyclopaedia. Robert Appleton Company. ISBN 0840731752. 
  8. ^ a b c d Gurugé, Anura (16 February 2012). "1059: The Beginning Of The Cardinals As The Exclusive Electors". The Next Pope: After Pope Benedict XVI. WOWNH LLC. pp. 94-96. ISBN 061535372X. 
  9. ^ a b c Henderson, Ernest F. (translator) (1903). Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages. George Bell. pp. 19. ISBN B002GD0RAW. 
  10. ^ Fanning, W. (1911). "Cadalous". The Catholic Encyclopaedia. Robert Appleton Company. ISBN 0840731752. 
  11. ^ Colmer, Joseph M.; McLeane, Iain (1998). "Electing Popes: Approval Balloting and Qualified-Majority Rule". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History (MIT Press) 29 (1): 1-22. https://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=josep_colomer. Retrieved 20 May 2012. 
  12. ^ Fanning, W. (1911). "Cardinal". The Catholic Encyclopaedia. Robert Appleton Company. ISBN 0840731752. 
  13. ^ Panvinii (also known as Panvinio), Onofrio (1929). Onuphrii Panvinii De episcopatibus, titulis, et diaconiis cardinalium liber. Unstated (Venetian provenance). pp. 19. ISBN B0017C7VX4. 

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In Nomine

In Nomine is a title given to a large number of pieces of English polyphonic, predominantly instrumental music, first composed during the 16th century.

History

This "most conspicuous single form in the early development of English consort music" (Edwards 2001) originated in the early 16th century from a six-voice mass composed before 1530 by John Taverner on the plainchant Gloria Tibi Trinitas. In the Benedictus section of this mass, the Latin phrase "in nomine Domini" was sung in a reduced, four-part counterpoint, with the plainchant melody in the mean (alto part). At an early point, this attractive passage became popular as a short instrumental piece, though there is no evidence that Taverner himself was responsible for any of these arrangements (Bowers, Doe, and Benham 2001). Over the next 150 years, English composers worked this melody into "In Nomine" pieces of ever greater stylistic range.

In Nomines are typically consort pieces for four or five instruments, especially consorts of viols. One instrument plays the theme through as a cantus firmus with each note lasting one or even two measures; usually this is the second part from the top. The other parts play more complex lines, often in imitative counterpoint. Usually they take up several new motifs in turn, using each one as a point of imitation. However, there are In Nomines composed for solo or duo keyboard instruments and even one for the lute: a fantasy titled Farewell by John Dowland (Edwards 2001).

Europa Universalis III

Europa Universalis III is a grand strategy video game developed by Paradox Development Studio and published by Paradox Interactive. The main game was released for Windows on January 2007, and was later ported to Mac OS X by Virtual Programming on 2 November 2007.

The player controls a nation and handles matters concerning war, diplomacy, trade, and economy. The original game without expansions starts in 1453, right after the Fall of Constantinople, and continues to 1789, just past the beginning of the French Revolution. The expansion Napoleon's Ambition extends the end game year forward to 1821, whereas the expansion In Nomine moves the starting year back to 1399.

Europa Universalis III has a 3D engine that requires the system to meet the Pixel Shader 2.0 specification. The map has 1,700 land and sea provinces encompassing most of the world, with 250 playable historical nations. The game also uses elements of other Paradox games such as Crusader Kings, Victoria, and Hearts of Iron II.

In Nomine (role-playing game)

In Nomine is a role-playing game designed by Derek Pearcy and published in 1997 by Steve Jackson Games, based on the French game In Nomine Satanis/Magna Veritas. Players typically assume the role of angels and demons in a setting that draws heavily on the traditional Christian mythos.In Nomine won the Origins Award for Best Graphic Presentation of a Roleplaying Game, Adventure, or Supplement of 1997.

Setting

The game combines the supernatural with mundane reality, with campaigns often set in the modern world. Supernatural characters take on a human (or other mundane) form to further their various agendas. Although individual campaigns can focus on combat or direct conflict, Heaven and Hell settled into a Cold War called the "Great Game". Angels and demons typically struggle indirectly, by attempting to draw humans closer to their respective sides. Open hostilities are costly, and in the game setting, rarely prove to be the most efficient option. This allows In Nomine to have the qualities of a morality play as well as those of a more standard role-playing game.

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PLAYLIST TIME:

In Nomine...

by: Darkside

a hell of self caused pain
lewd paints harass me
no heart was ever caught and cursed
in such venial lust
decay of dreammade fear
overflows my tired heart
only disgust remained of sweetness bleeding
in caddish pain
loud rushes the sirens well
dark hales the sphynx before our guilt
our hearts trembling with filth
we cry forgive us our sins
tortured by god and crushed in my face
from our souls' darkened bliss
remained only a feeling of bashfulness
the day before in distorted glance
beating to bars of heretic songs
in despair and sadful grace
brighter the stars of forgotten hope
reflecting our godless sin
away you haunting face
with unamable fear
thrill of delight trembles the embers
of my breath
come and get me
you never succeed
choke the life out of you with pale
hands
I open it the door of life
and breathe the world again
I am
am sound and hot coloured life
still my blood flows




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