Imidazoline receptors are receptors for clonidine and other imidazolines.[1]
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Classes [link]
There are three classes of imidazoline receptors:[1]
- I1 receptor – mediates the sympatho-inhibitory actions of imidazolines to lower blood pressure, (NISCH or IRAS, imidazoline receptor antisera selected)
- I2 receptor – an allosteric binding site of monoamine oxidase and is involved in pain modulation and neuroprotection.
- I3 receptor – regulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells
Activated I1-imidazoline receptors trigger the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine into DAG. Elevated DAG levels in turn trigger the synthesis of second messengers arachidonic acid and downstream eicosanoids.[2] In addition, the sodium-hydrogen antiporter is inhibited, and enzymes of catecholamine synthesis are induced. The I1-imidazoline receptor may belong to the neurocytokine receptor family, since its signaling pathways are similar to those of interleukins.[2]
Selective Ligands [link]
Agonists [link]
- Agmatine (endogenous agonist, non-selective, also binds to NMDA, nicotinic, and α2 adrenoceptors)
- Apraclonidine (I1 selective)
- Moxonidine
- S-23515
- S-23757
- LNP-509
- 2-BFI (selective I2 receptor agonist)
- BU224 (selective I2 receptor agonist, low efficacy)
- LNP-911[3]
Antagonists [link]
- Efaroxan (non-selective, binds to I1 receptor and α2 adrenoceptor)
- Idazoxan (non-selective, binds to I2 receptor and α2 adrenoceptor)
- BU99006 (alkylating agent, inactivates I2 receptors)
Imidazoline I2 receptor antagonists reversibly block NMDA receptor-mediated Ca2+ influx[4] and thus may inhibit excitotoxicity.
See also [link]
References [link]
- ^ a b Head GA, Mayorov DN (January 2006). "Imidazoline receptors, novel agents and therapeutic potential". Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 4 (1): 17–32. DOI:10.2174/187152506775268758. PMID 16529547. https://www.bentham-direct.org/pages/content.php?CHAMC/2006/00000004/00000001/003AE.SGM.
- ^ a b Ernsberger P (June 1999). "The I1-imidazoline receptor and its cellular signaling pathways". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 881 (1): 35–53. DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09339.x. PMID 10415895. https://www.annalsnyas.org/cgi/content/abstract/881/1/35.
- ^ I1 imidazoline receptors: From the pharmacological basis to the therapeutic application Journal für Hypertonie 2002; 6 (Sonderheft 4), 6-9
- ^ Jiang SX, Zheng RY, Zeng JQ, Li XL, Han Z, Hou ST (March 2010). "Reversible inhibition of intracellular calcium influx through NMDA receptors by imidazoline I(2) receptor antagonists". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 629 (1–3): 12–9. DOI:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.11.063. PMID 19958763.
External links [link]
- Imidazoline+Receptors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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