Ildefons Cerdà

Ildefonso Cerdá y Suñer (Catalan name: Ildefons Cerdà i Sunyer, (Catalan pronunciation: [iɫdəˈfons sərˈða]; Centelles, December 23, 1815 – Caldas de Besaya, August 21, 1876) was the progressive Catalan Spanish urban planner who designed the 19th-century "extension" of Barcelona called the Eixample.

Biography

Cerdá was born in Centelles, Catalonia, Spain, in 1815. He originally trained as a civil engineer at the Escuela de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, in Madrid. He joined the Corps of Engineers and lived in various cities in Spain before settling in Barcelona in 1848 and marrying Clotilde Bosch. After the death of his brothers, Cerdá inherited the family fortune, and left the civil service. He became interested in politics and the study of urban planning.

When the government of the time finally gave in to public pressure and allowed Barcelona's city walls to be torn down, he realized the need to plan the city's expansion so that the new extension would become an efficient and livable place, unlike the congested, epidemic-prone old town within the walls. When he failed to find suitable reference works, he undertook the task of writing one from scratch while designing what he called the 'Ensanche,' borrowing a few technological ideas from his contemporaries to create a unique, thoroughly modern integrated concept that was carefully considered rather than whimsically designed.

Ildefons Cerdà station

Ildefons Cerdà is a railway station on the Llobregat–Anoia Line. It is not properly located in Plaça d'Ildefons Cerdà (a square in the Sants-Montjuïc district of Barcelona), but in the L'Hospitalet de Llobregat municipality, in Catalonia, Spain. The station is situated underneath Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes and was opened in 1987. It is served by Barcelona Metro line 8, Baix Llobregat Metro lines S33, S4 and S8, and commuter rail lines R5, R6, R50 and R60.

The station is also due to become part of the future Barcelona Metro line 10.

Rail services

External links

Coordinates: 41°21′39″N 2°07′49″E / 41.3608°N 2.13028°E / 41.3608; 2.13028

Cerdà

Cerdà (Spanish: Cerdá) is a municipality in the comarca of Costera in the Valencian Community, Spain.

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) is a United Nations convention. A third-generation human rights instrument, the Convention commits its members to the elimination of racial discrimination and the promotion of understanding among all races. Controversially, the Convention also requires its parties to outlaw hate speech and criminalize membership in racist organizations.

The Convention also includes an individual complaints mechanism, effectively making it enforceable against its parties. This has led to the development of a limited jurisprudence on the interpretation and implementation of the Convention.

The convention was adopted and opened for signature by the United Nations General Assembly on 21 December 1965, and entered into force on 4 January 1969. As of October 2015, it has 88 signatories and 177 parties.

The Convention is monitored by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD).