IBD

IBD may refer to:

In business:

In science and medicine:

Other uses:

Isosorbide dinitrate

Isosorbide dinitrate, ISDN, is a nitrate used pharmacologically as a vasodilator for angina (heart-related chest pain), congestive heart failure, and esophageal spasms.

Isosorbide dinitrate is sold in the USA under the brand names Dilatrate-SR by Schwarz and Isordil by Valeant, according to FDA Orange Book. In the United Kingdom, Argentina, and Hong Kong, a trade name of it is Isoket. It is also a component of BiDil. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.

Medical uses

It is used for angina, in addition to other medications for congestive heart failure, and for esophageal spasms.

Advantages

Long-acting nitrates can be more useful as they are generally more effective and stable in the short term.

Disadvantages

After long-term use for treating chronic conditions, tolerance may develop in patients, reducing its effectiveness. The mechanisms of nitrate tolerance have been thoroughly investigated in the last 30 years and several hypotheses have been proposed. These include:

NOD2

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) also known as caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 15 (CARD15) or inflammatory bowel disease protein 1 (IBD1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOD2 gene located on chromosome 16. NOD2 plays an important role in the immune system. It recognizes bacterial molecules (peptidoglycans) and stimulates an immune reaction.

NOD2 is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor, which is similar in structure to resistant proteins of plants and recognizes molecules containing the specific structure called muramyl dipeptide (MDP) that is found in certain bacteria.

Structure

The C-terminal portion of the protein contains a leucine-rich repeat domain that is known to play a role in protein–protein interactions. The middle part of the protein is characterized by a NOD domain involved in protein self-oligomerization. The N-terminal portion contains two CARD domains known to play a role in apoptosis and NF-κB activation pathways.