Hunkpapa

The Hunkpapa (Lakota: Húŋkpapȟa) are a Native American group, one of the seven council fires of the Lakota tribe. The name Húŋkpapȟa is a Lakota word meaning "Head of the Circle". (At one time, the tribe's name was represented in European-American records as Honkpapa.) By tradition, the Húŋkpapȟa set up their lodges at the entryway to the circle of the Great Council when the Sioux met in convocation. They speak Lakȟóta, one of the three dialects of the Sioux language.

They may have formed as a tribe within the Lakota relatively recently, as the first mention of the Hunkpapa in European-American historical records was from a treaty of 1825. The United States Army General Warren estimated their population at about 2920 in 1855. He described their territory as ranging "from the Big Cheyenne up to the Yellowstone, and west to the Black Hills. He states that they formerly intermarried extensively with the Cheyenne." He noted that they raided settlers along the Platte River. In addition to warfare, they suffered considerable losses due to contact with Europeans and contracting of Eurasian infectious diseases to which they had no immunity.

Hunkpapa (album)

Hunkpapa is a 1989 album by Throwing Muses. Produced by Gary Smith and engineered by Steve Haigler, it was recorded at Fort Apache Studios in Cambridge, Massachusetts and mixed at Carriage House Studios in Stamford, Connecticut. Assistant engineers were Matt Lane and Phil Magnotti. It was mastered at Sterling Sound by Greg Calbi.

Track listing

All songs were written by Kristin Hersh, except "Dragonhead" and "Angel," by Tanya Donelly.

Personnel

Throwing Muses

Additional Musicians