Host (biology)

In biology, a host is an organism that harbors a parasite, or a mutual or commensal symbiont, typically providing nourishment and shelter. In botany, a host plant is one that supplies food resources and substrate for certain insects or other fauna. Examples of such interactions include a cell being host to a virus, a bean plant hosting helpful nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and animals as hosts to parasitic worms, e.g. nematodes.

The word "guest" is also (more rarely) used in biology to refer to the organism that lives with the host.

Definitions

A host cell is a living cell in which a virus reproduces.

A primary host or definitive host is a host in which the parasite reaches maturity and, if possible, reproduces sexually.

A reservoir host can harbour a pathogen indefinitely with no ill effects. A single reservoir host may be reinfected several times.

A secondary host or intermediate host is a host that harbors the parasite only for a short transition period, during which (usually) some developmental stage is completed. For trypanosomes, the cause of sleeping sickness, strictly, humans are the secondary host, while the tsetse fly is the primary host, given that it has been shown that reproduction occurs in the insect.Cestodes (tapeworms) and other parasitic flatworms have complex life-cycles, in which specific developmental stages are completed in a sequence of several different hosts.

Cell

Cell(s) may refer to:

Science and technology

Cell (Japanese band)

Cell (セル) is a Japanese visual kei rock band, formed by Kon, from the band La'Mule and NightingeiL in May 2012.

Biography

Vocalist KON (ex.La'Mule), guitarists SIN and NAO (both ex. La'Mule), bassist YUKI came together and formed the band in April 2012. Composed with infinite styles and possibilities of the band, creating a new form, CELL launched had launched their activity.

Shortly after the band's formation, a series of One Man concerts had been held at the Ikebukuro EDGE. The band had released 3 maxi singles, 1 DVD single, and contributed to former X Japan guitarist hide's tribute album hide TRIBUTE -VISUAL STYLES II- covering the song "Hurry Go Round".

Since 2013, CELL has been boosted their activities internationally being invited as the special guest to one of Los Angeles's biggest Japanese Convention AX2013 and played the bands first U.S.A show. In 2014, Vocalist KON had appeared as a guest representing CELL at the LA VK Fest held in Downtown, Los Angeles, as well as holding a Livestream Q&A Session for fans in the States.

Spreadsheet

A spreadsheet is an interactive computer application for organization, analysis and storage of data in tabular form. Spreadsheets are developed as computerized simulations of paper accounting worksheets. The program operates on data represented as cells of an array, organized in rows and columns. Each cell of the array may contain either numeric or text data, or the results of formulas that automatically calculate and display a value based on the contents of other cells.

Spreadsheet users may adjust any stored value and observe the effects on calculated values. This makes the spreadsheet useful for "what-if" analysis since many cases can be rapidly investigated without manual recalculation. Modern spreadsheet software can have multiple interacting sheets, and can display data either as text and numerals, or in graphical form.

Besides performing basic arithmetic and mathematical functions, modern spreadsheets provide built-in functions for common financial and statistical operations. Such calculations as net present value or standard deviation can be applied to tabular data with a pre-programmed function in a formula. Spreadsheet programs also provide conditional expressions, functions to convert between text and numbers, and functions that operate on strings of text.

Cossack host

A Cossack host (Ukrainian: Козаче військо, kozache viysko), sometimes translated as Cossack army, was an administrative subdivision of Cossacks in Ukraine. The word host is an archaic word for army.

List of hosts

Imperial Russia

The Cossack host consisted of a certain territory with Cossack settlements that had to provide military regiments for service in the Imperial Russian Army and for border patrol. Usually the hosts were named after the regions of their dislocation. The stanitsa, or village, formed the primary unit of this organization.

Host (song)

"Host" is a song by British indie rock band The Crocketts. Credited to Davey MacManus and The Crocketts and produced by Charlie Francis, "Host" was featured on the band's 2000 second album The Great Brain Robbery, and released as its first single on 3 April 2000.

Composition

Writer and vocalist Davey MacManus has provided the following explanation of the song's meaning:

Reception

In their review of The Great Brain Robbery, magazine Welsh Bands Weekly described "Host" as an "addictive" song, claiming that it "sticks around inside your head for days ... and the pretty guitar sound is just so addictive".Kerrang! awarded the single four out of five Ks in their review, describing the song as "a slightly melancholy number ... a timely reminder that life can be amazing, even when it hurts".

Music video

The music video for "Host" was directed by Ralph Brown and produced by Mark Williams, both of whom also perform in the video. The video was filmed in Brighton on the request of Williams, including a number of "rich and red" theatre interiors on the West Pier. Williams describes the theme of the video as "a ghost story", and says that the inspiration came from listening to the lyrics of the song.