Hock (anatomy)

The hock, or gambrel, is the joint between the tarsal bones and tibia of a digitigrade or unguligrade quadrupedal mammal, such as a horse, cat, or dog. This joint may include articulations between tarsal bones and the fibula in some species (such as cats), while in others the fibula has been greatly reduced and is only found as a vestigial remnant fused to the distal portion of the tibia (as in horses) . It is the anatomical homologue of the ankle of the human foot. While homologous joints occur in other tetrapods, the term is generally restricted to mammals, particularly long-legged domesticated species.

Horse

Although the tarsus refers specifically to the bones and joints of the hock, most people working with horses refer to the hock in such a way to include the bones, joints, and soft tissue of the area. The hock is especially important in equine anatomy, due to the great strain it receives when the horse is worked. Jumping, and movements that require collection, are some of the more stressful activities.

Zoology

Zoology (/zoʊˈɒlədʒi/, zoh-OL-luh-jee) or animal biology is the branch of biology that relates to the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. The term is derived from Ancient Greek ζῷον, zōon, i.e. "animal" and λόγος, logos, i.e. "knowledge, study".

History

Ancient history to Darwin

The history of zoology traces the study of the animal kingdom from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of zoology as a single coherent field arose much later, the zoological sciences emerged from natural history reaching back to the works of Aristotle and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world. This ancient work was further developed in the Middle Ages by Muslim physicians and scholars such as Albertus Magnus. During the Renaissance and early modern period, zoological thought was revolutionized in Europe by a renewed interest in empiricism and the discovery of many novel organisms. Prominent in this movement were Vesalius and William Harvey, who used experimentation and careful observation in physiology, and naturalists such as Carl Linnaeus and Buffon who began to classify the diversity of life and the fossil record, as well as the development and behavior of organisms. Microscopy revealed the previously unknown world of microorganisms, laying the groundwork for cell theory. The growing importance of natural theology, partly a response to the rise of mechanical philosophy, encouraged the growth of natural history (although it entrenched the argument from design).

Zoology (journal)

Zoology is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering zoology that was established in 1886. It is published by Elsevier and the editor-in-chief is Thomas G. C. Bosch (University of Kiel).

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2013 impact factor of 1.596.

See also

References

External links

Zoology (album)

Zoology is the debut studio album by The Zoo and their only album with vocalist Arnel Pineda (current singer for Journey). Two singles have been hits in the Philippines since the album was released in September 2007: "Gimik" and "Pain In My Heart" (originally recorded by the band Second Wind). The album was released in the US in January of 2008.

Track listing

Personnel

Production