HLM

HLM (pronounced: [aʃ ɛl ɛm]) is the acronym of Habitation à Loyer Modéré ("rent-controlled housing"), a form of private or public housing in France, and also in Switzerland.

HLMs constitute 16% of all housing in France. There are approximately four million such residences, housing an estimated 10 million people. The standard of living in the HLM housing projects is often the lowest in the country.

72% of HLMs built before 2001 (and 95% of those built between 2001 and 2011) are small buildings or individual houses. The average size of buildings is 20 apartments. Construction of HLM is mainly financed by funds collected on Livret A, a type of savings account regulated by the Caisse des dépôts et consignations. In 2011, the French people have placed 280 billion euros on this type of savings account.

HLM should not be confused with public housing in France; many HLM organizations are completely private, although many are also public.

History

The HLM system was created in 1950 in response to France's post-war housing crisis. The low level of construction during and between the two world wars, the rural exodus that had started to take place in France — directed mainly at Île-de-France, the region around Paris — and the baby boom, together contributed to a deficit of an estimated four million residences. Eugène Claudius-Petit, the Minister for Reconstruction and Urbanisation, promoted a scheme of massive construction of socially subsidised residences to address this problem. The new system took its foundations from the HBM (habitation à bon marché – "inexpensive housing") system which had been created in 1889 and financed mainly by charitable sources rather than the state.

HLM (Dakar)

HLM is a commune d'arrondissement of the city of Dakar, Senegal. As of 2007 it had a population of 46,722.

References

Coordinates: 14°42′00″N 17°26′44″W / 14.70000°N 17.44556°W / 14.70000; -17.44556

HLM (disambiguation)

HLM (Habitation à Loyer Modéré) is a form of housing in France and Switzerland.

HLM may also refer to:

Tandem

Tandem (or in tandem) is an arrangement in which a team of machines, animals or people are lined up one behind another, all facing in the same direction.

The original use of the term in English was in tandem harness, which is used for two or more draft horses, or other draft animals, harnessed in a single line one behind another, as opposed to a pair, harnessed side by side, or a team of several pairs. The tandem harness allows additional animals to provide pulling power for a vehicle designed for a single animal.

The English word tandem derives with a word play from the Latin adverb tandem, meaning at length or finally.

Tandem seating may be used on a tandem bicycle where it is alternative to sociable seating. Tandem can also be used more generally to refer to any group of persons or objects working together, not necessarily in line.

Automobiles

The Messerschmitt KR200 was an example of a very small automobile that used tandem seating. A tandem arrangement may also be used for cars parked in a residential garage.

Tandem (1987 film)

Tandem is a 1987 French comedy film directed by Patrice Leconte.

Cast

External links

Tandem (disambiguation)

Tandem means an arrangement one behind another as opposed to side by side.

Tandem may also refer to: