Haraç

Haraç (Greek: χαράτσι/charatsi, Serbo-Croatian: harač) was a land-tax on non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire.

Haraç was developed from an earlier form of land taxation, kharaj (harac), and was, in principle, only payable by non-Muslims; it was seen as a counterpart to zakat paid by Muslims. The haraç system later merged into the cizye taxation system.

Haraç collection was reformed by a firman of 1834, which abolished the old levying system, and required that haraç be raised by a commission composed of the kadı and the ayans, or municipal chiefs of rayas in each district. The firman made several other changes to taxation.

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Hara (sculpture)

Hara is a public art work by American artist Deborah Butterfield located at the Lynden Sculpture Garden near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The sculpture is in the form of horse; it is installed on the lawn.

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Hara (Hinduism)

Hara may refer to:

Hari

Sanskrit Hari (Devanagari: हरि) is in origin a colour term for yellowish hues, including yellow, golden, yellowish-brown or reddish brown, fallow or khaki, pale yellow, greenish or green-yellow. It has important symbolism in the Rigveda and hence in Hinduism; in Rigvedic symbolism, it unites the colours of Soma, the Sun, and bay horses under a single term.

The word Hari is widely used in later Sanskrit and Prakrit literature, Hindu, Buddhist, Jain and Sikh religions. It appears as 650th name of Vishnu in the Vishnu sahasranama of the Mahabharata and hence rose to special importance in Hindu Vaishnavism.

Etymology

The Sanskrit word is cognate with Avestan zari, with the same meaning (zari has (dubiously) been identified as the first part of the name of Zarathustra). The English words gold and yellow (from Germanic gulþan, gelwaz) as well as Latin helvus "light-yellow" are from the same Indo-European root, reconstructed as *ǵʰelH-. In Greek Hari means grace or kindness. Some words in non-Indo-European languages which fell under Hindu dominance during the medieval period also have loanwords derived from the Sanskrit term, including the word for "day" in Malay and Indonesian, and the word for "king" in Tagalog.

Hari (director)

Hari is a Tamil film director, best known for his action-masala films. As of 2014, he has directed thirteen films.

Background

Hari was born in Katchana vilai near Nazareth in Tuticorin District, Tamil Nadu, India. His father, Gopal Nadar, is a vessels merchant. Later his family moved to Chennai, where Hari was schooling and had a graduate degree in Commerce.

Career

He first joined as an assistant and gained experience working with directors K. Natraj in Valli, Nassar in Avatharam and Alex Pandian. Later he assisted K. Balachander in his film Kalki and worked as an associate director with Saran in films Amarkalam and Parthen Rasithen.

His first film, in 2002, was Thamizh with Prashanth and Simran. Film critic Balaji commented that it was "one of the few movies in recent times where a lot of importance seems to have been attached to the script. In spite of the flimsy story and routine screenplay where a youth grows to be a 'dada', the dialogs elevate the quality of the movie and make it very enjoyable". His second film Saamy under Kavithaalaya banner starred Vikram. It was named the year's biggest hit, grossing ₹ 160 million. Its success led to remakes in Telugu (Lakshmi Narasimha), Kannada (Ayya) and Hindi languages (Policegiri). His next two films Kovil with Silambarasan and Arul also starred Vikram. In 2005, he made Ayya starring Sarathkumar, which introduced Nayantara to Tamil cinema. His next film was Aaru with Suriya in 2005. In 2007, he directed two films, Thaamirabharani with Vishal Krishna and Vel with Suriya. In 2008, he directed Seval with Bharath. Ayyappa Prasad from Nowrunning.com stated that Hari "panders to the taste of his rural audience all the way, but the movie is bound to disappoint city-dwellers since neither the story nor its treatment appeal to anyone with an IQ quotient higher than the least educated village wastrel".

Dalit

Dalit, meaning "oppressed" in South Asia, is the self-chosen political name of castes in the SAARC region which the varna system considers "untouchable". Though the name Dalit has been in existence since the nineteenth century, the economist and reformer B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956) popularised the term. Dalits were excluded from the four-fold Varna system and formed the unmentioned fifth varna; they were also called Panchama. While "scheduled castes" (SC) is the legal name for those who were formerly considered "untouchable," the term Dalit also encompasses scheduled tribes (ST) and other historically disadvantaged communities who were traditionally excluded from society.

Dalits are a mixed population, consisting of groups across South Asia. They speak a variety of languages and practice various religions. With the Scheduled Castes at 16.6% and Scheduled Tribes at 8.6%, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes together make up 25% of India's population according to the 2011 census.

To prevent harassment, assault, discrimination and other criminal acts on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, the Indian government enacted the Prevention of Atrocity (POA) act on March 31, 1995.