Hapū

In Māoridom and New Zealand a hapū ("subtribe", or "clan") functions as "the basic political unit within Māori society".

Definition

As named divisions of Māori iwi (tribes),hapū have membership determined by genealogical descent; a hapū comprises a number of whānau (extended family) groups.

Generally hapū range in size from 350 to 500 persons, although there is no upper limit. A Māori person can belong to or have links to many different hapū.

Pre-history and history

Before the arrival of Europeans in New Zealand the normal day-to-day operating group in Māori society seems to have been the smaller whānau (extended family). By the 1820s Māori had learnt the economic benefit of working in larger groups - especially when it came to trading with ships. The larger hapū could work more effectively to produce surplus flax, potatoes, smoked heads and pigs in exchange for blankets, tobacco, axes and trade muskets. In warfare the hapū operated as the standard grouping for warriors during the period of the Musket Wars (1807-1842). Hapū would unite politically under their own chief, to form much larger armies of up to several thousand warriors, although it was common for hapū to retain independence within the larger group.

HAP

Hap or HAP can mean:

As a nickname

Hydroxylapatite

Hydroxylapatite, also called hydroxyapatite (HA), is a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite with the formula Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH), but is usually written Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂ to denote that the crystal unit cell comprises two entities. Hydroxylapatite is the hydroxyl endmember of the complex apatite group. The OH⁻ion can be replaced by fluoride, chloride or carbonate, producing fluorapatite or chlorapatite. It crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system. Pure hydroxylapatite powder is white. Naturally occurring apatites can, however, also have brown, yellow, or green colorations, comparable to the discolorations of dental fluorosis.

Up to 50% by volume and 70% by weight of human bone is a modified form of hydroxylapatite (known as bone mineral). Carbonated calcium-deficient hydroxylapatite is the main mineral of which dental enamel and dentin are composed. Hydroxylapatite crystals are also found in the small calcifications (within the pineal gland and other structures) known as corpora arenacea or 'brain sand'.

Kush

Kush or Cush may refer to:

Bible

Entertainment

People

Surname

Kush (satrapy)

Kush was a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire. The territory was conquered from the Nubians.

Kush (mountain)

Kush (Persian: کش‎‎, Balochi: کش, happy or merry) is a mountain near Kalat, Pakistan Balochistan. The mountain is located below the Durand Line between Afghanistan and India (now Pakistan) in the field of Baloch people. It is located not far from the similarly-named Kushi mountain. The Balochi language is one of the four major Iranian languages (Paschto, Balochi, Kurdi and Persian).

Location

With an elevation of 2,527 metres (8,291 ft), Kush is a mountain near the mountain named Thok in Pakistan. It also known as Kuish. It is in the time zone of Asia/Karachi UTC/GMT+05:00.

Kush, Kash, Kesh, Kosh

The terms such as Kush, Kash, Kosh and Kesh have been used in context with the mountains in the different countries, especially in Iranian plateau (Kurdish regions, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan), but also even in Ukraine and Poland, especially Kash means in Kurdi (Sorjani), an Iranian language also, mountain ridges and high mountains.

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