Giga annum

Gya and Ga, are symbols for units of time, specifically gigayears ago and gigaannum (or giga-annum), respectively. They represent 10⁹ (1,000,000,000) years. Ga is the base unit, and Gya is relative to the present. The G in both symbols (but not the g in giga-, unabbreviated) is conventionally capitalized. Both symbols are pronounced by sounding out their letters, g-a and g-y-a, or by giving their unabbreviated forms. The terms are often used in geology, paleontology, geophysics, and astronomy disciplines including celestial mechanics.

Another unit identical to Gya is bya (for "billion years ago"), which may be in more widespread use. But some scientists prefer Gya because it uses the SI prefix multipliers giga- and thus avoids confusion over whether the short-scale (American and increasingly internationally standardized) billion, of 10⁹ (1,000,000,000), or long-scale (former British, now mostly western continental European) billion, of 10¹² (1,000,000,000,000) is meant, as well as avoiding preference for one of the two definitions of billion over the other.

Gia, Leh

Gia is a village in the Leh district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is located in the Leh tehsil, off the Leh–Manali Highway, close to Tso Kar.

The village overlooks the Gya river in the Ladakh region, between the Indus river valley and Tanglang La Pass on the Leh-Manali Highway. Accessible from Upshi in the Indus River Valley, the village is located in the gorge created by the River Gya. A Buddhist Gompa with accompanying chortens or stupas is situated above the village and the gorge.

Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Gia has 140 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 58.67%.

References

Gya (disambiguation)

Gya or GYA may refer to:

CRM

CRM may refer to:

Sales and marketing

People

Art, entertainment, and media

Companies and institutions

Management

Resource management

Riding Mountain Airport

Riding Mountain Airport (TC LID: CRM2) is a small private airport located near the community of Riding Mountain, Manitoba, Canada.

References

CRM197

CRM197 is a non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin, currently used as a carrier protein for polysaccharides and haptens to make them immunogenic.

Description

CRM197 is a genetically detoxified form of diphtheria toxin. A single mutation at position 52, substituting glutamic acid for glycine, causes the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of the native toxin to be lost. The structural basis for the lack of CRM197 toxicity has recently been elucidated. CRM197 is widely used as a carrier protein for conjugate vaccines. An advantage of CRM197 over toxoided proteins is that, because it is genetically detoxified, it retains its full complement of lysine amines for conjugation. There is also evidence suggesting that, compared with tetanus toxoid, there is less carrier-induced suppression of the immune response, especially when there are many individual polysaccharides linked to the same carrier protein. A summary of the uses and properties of CRM197 has been published. CRM197, like diphtheria toxin, is a single polypeptide chain of 535 amino acids (58.4 kD) consisting of two subunits (linked by disulfide bridges).