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A share is a single unit of ownership in a corporation, mutual fund, or other organization.[1] A joint stock company divides its capital into shares, which are offered for sale to raise capital, termed as issuing shares. Thus, a share is an indivisible unit of capital, expressing the proprietary relationship between the company and the shareholder. The denominated value of a share is its face value: the total capital of a company is divided into number of shares.[2]
In financial markets, a share is a unit of account for various financial instruments including stocks (ordinary or preferential), and investments in limited partnerships, and real estate investment trusts. The common feature of all these is equity participation (limited in the case of preference shares).
The income received from shares is known as a dividend. A shareholder, also known as a stockholder, is a person who owns shares of a certain company or organization, and is thus a part-owner of the company.[3] The process of purchasing and selling shares often involves going through a stockbroker as a middle man.[4]
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Valuation [link]
Shares are valued according to various principles in different markets, but a basic premise is that a share is worth the price at which a transaction would be likely to occur were the shares to be sold. The liquidity of markets is a major consideration as to whether a share is able to be sold at any given time. An actual sale transaction of shares between buyer and seller is usually considered to provide the best prima facie market indicator as to the "true value" of shares at that particular time.
Tax treatment [link]
Tax treatment of dividends varies between territories. For instance, in India, dividends are tax free in the hands of the shareholder, but the company paying the dividend has to pay dividend distribution tax at 12.5%. There is also the concept of a deemed dividend, which is not tax free. Further, Indian tax laws include provisions to stop dividend stripping.[5][citation needed]
Stock certificates [link]
Historically, investors were given stock certificates as evidence of their ownership of shares. In modern times, certificates are not always given and ownership may be recorded electronically by a system such as CREST.
Gallery [link]
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A share entitling to 1/8 of the Stora Kopparberg copper mine in Sweden dating from 1288. It was the first known share company in the world.
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Share certificate of the Bombay Electric Supply & Tramways Company Limited
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The oldest-known share in the European stockmarket is shown in the Westfries Archief in Hoorn. The certificate dates from September 9, 1606 and was issued by the Dutch VOC-chamber Enkhuizen.
See also [link]
References [link]
- ^ "Share". The Free Dictionary - Financial Dictionary. https://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/share. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
- ^ "Chapter 22 Company-An Introduction". Accountancy. Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India: National Institute of Open Schooling. 2008. p. 242. https://www.nos.org/srsec320newE/320EL22.pdf. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ Hoang, Paul (2007). "1.4 Stakeholders". Business and Management. Victoria: IBID Press. pp. 71. ISBN 1-876659-63-7.
- ^ "How to Buy Shares". ShareWorld. https://www.shareworld.co.uk/index.php/beginners-corner/beginners-guide/. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
- ^ "All about shares and tax". Rediff India Abroad. 16 January 2006. https://www.rediff.com/money/2006/jan/16tax.htm. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
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Look up share in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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Share (P2P)
Share (シャレ(洒落),シェア) is the name for a closed-source P2P application being developed in Japan by an anonymous author. Since the author of Winny was arrested, Share was developed as its successor, also focusing on higher security. Share functions in much the same manner as Winny, using encrypted caches, file names and IP addresses, and is based on the same node-organized architecture as Winny.
Advantages
Share uses encryption to hide the identity of who is transferring or what they are transferring. It is non-centralized so it cannot be easily shut down and it supports multiple source "swarm" downloading. All files are transferred encrypted so they must be decrypted upon download completion. In the meantime they are stored in encrypted form in a "Cache" folder. This folder is also used to allow recently downloaded files to be shared among the network based on priorities.
Share also features a plugin system. The plugins and PDK are readily available through the Share network. The PDK is written in Delphi.
Matrix
Matrix may refer to:
Mathematics and science
Business and government
Literature
Matrix (club)
Matrix is a club in Berlin which opened in 1996. Located at Warschauer Platz 18 in ten basement vaults of the Warschauer Straße railway station, the discothèque houses up to nine bars and five dance floors. The venue has an overall size of 2,100 square meters, and is one of the biggest clubs in Berlin.
Between 1996 and 2002 many international known discjockeys like Marusha, Chris Isaac, Westbam, Underground Resistance, Josh Wink, Lords of the Underground, Lady B, Sven Väth, Paul van Dyk and other exponents of electronic music performed in the Matrix.
Since 2003 the programming is enlarged. Artists who have performed in recent years are Sabrina Setlur, Ne-Yo, Georges Morel, Vibe Kingz, DJ Size and others.
About three years the club had an own truck at the Berlin Love Parade. The venue is also used for showcases and filmsets.
External links
Coordinates: 52°30′16″N 13°26′56″E / 52.50444°N 13.44889°E
The Matrix (franchise)
The Matrix is a science fiction action media franchise created by The Wachowski Brothers and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. The series began with the feature film The Matrix (1999), and continued with two sequels, The Matrix Reloaded (2003) and The Matrix Revolutions (2003). The characters and settings of the films are further explored in other media set in the same fictional universe, including animation, comics, and video games.
The series features a cyberpunk story incorporating references to numerous philosophical and religious ideas where the heroes fight a desperate war against machine overlords who have enslaved Humanity in an extremely sophisticated virtual reality gestalt. Other influences include mythology, anime, and Hong Kong action films (particularly "heroic bloodshed" and martial arts movies).
Two of the Matrix video games, both supervised by the Wachowskis, are a part of the official chronology. Enter the Matrix, mainly focused on Niobe and Ghost and also written by the Wachowskis, connects the story of the short animated film Final Flight of the Osiris with the events of Reloaded, while The Matrix Online is a direct sequel to Revolutions.
