Great Horde

The Great Horde, also called the Big Horde, was the steppe remnant of the Golden Horde from about 1466 until 1502.

Dissolution of the Golden Horde

The peripheral regions of the Golden Horde broke off as follows: 1438: Kazan Khanate, 1441: Crimean Khanate, 1466: Astrakhan Khanate. The remnant, which became known as the Great Horde, was left with the steppe between the Dnieper and Yaik, the capital Sarai and a claim to represent the tradition of the Golden Horde. By the 1470s the Nogais north of the Caspian were hostile to the Great Horde and, in the west, and Poland-Lithuania was expanding along the Dnieper.

In 1480 Muscovy and Crimea formed an alliance against the Great Horde which in turn allied with Kingdom of Poland under the Casimir IV Jagiellon. In 1480 the Great Horde's attempt to invade Muscovy failed. In 1480 Akhmat Khan was killed by the Nogais. He was succeeded by his son Shaikh Akhmat. After this, the Horde was weakened by conflicts among Akhmat's sons.

In the spring of 1491 the Crimean Khan suggested that Moscow send troops to finish off the Great Horde since he had ‘seized all the Horde's horses'. Moscow sent some Tatar and Russian cavalry and the Ottomans sent 2,000 Janissaries. By November part of the Horde had seceded and the remainder had been routed by the Nogais. By 1500 it was reported near the Kuban and in very bad shape after having been beaten by the Kabardinians. In 1501 Shaikh Akhmat Khan and 20,000 of his people moved north of the Don. Many of his people deserted.