| Gothic |
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|---|---|
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| Type | Alphabet |
| Languages | Gothic |
| Time period | From c. 350, in decline by 600 |
| Parent systems | |
| ISO 15924 | Goth, 206 |
| Direction | Left-to-right |
| Unicode alias | Gothic |
| Unicode range | U+10330–U+1034F |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols. | |
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The Gothic alphabet is an alphabet for writing the Gothic language, created in the 4th century by Ulfilas (or Wulfila) for the purpose of translating the Christian Bible.[1]
The alphabet is essentially an uncial form of the Greek alphabet, with a few additional letters to account for Gothic phonology: Latin F, two Runic letters to distinguish the /j/ and /w/ glides from vocalic /i/ and /u/, and the ƕair letter to express the Gothic labiovelar.
Contents |
Origin [link]
Ulfilas is thought to have consciously chosen to avoid the use of the older Runic alphabet for this purpose, as it was heavily connected with heathen beliefs and customs.[2] Also, the Greek-based script probably helped to integrate the Gothic nation into the dominant Greco-Roman culture around the Black Sea.[3] The individual letters, however, still bear names derived from those of their Runic equivalents.
In past centuries, some authors asserted that Greek-like letters were already in use among Germanic tribes long before Ulfilas. Johannes Aventinus (c. 1525) even ascribed them to the mythical progenitor Tuisto, claiming the Greeks had really stolen the idea from them, and not the Phoenicians. Such theories enjoy no scholarly support today, as all available evidence traces the development of alphabetic writing to the Middle East, although there is some testimony by classical Roman sources, as well as a few assorted tombstones, indicating that Greek letters were sometimes used in Germany, in addition to Gaul, by the time of Julius Caesar (1st century BC).
The letters [link]
Below is a table of the Gothic alphabet.[4] Two letters used in its transliteration are not used in current English: the Runic þ (representing /θ/), and ƕ (representing /xʷ/).
As with the Greek alphabet, Gothic letters were also assigned numerical values. When used as numerals, letters were written either between two dots (•𐌹𐌱• = 12) or with an overline (𐌹𐌱 = 12). Two letters, 𐍁 (90) and 𐍊 (900), have no phonetic value.
The letter names are recorded in a 9th century manuscript of Alcuin (Codex Vindobonensis 795). Most of them seem to be Gothic forms of names also appearing in the rune poems. The names are given in their attested forms followed by the reconstructed Gothic forms and their meanings.[5]
| Letter | Translit. | Compare | Gothic name | PGmc rune name | IPA | Numeric value | XML entity | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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𐌰 | a | Α | aza < ans "god" or asks "ash" | *ansuz | /a, aː/ | 1 | 𐌰 |
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𐌱 | b | Β | bercna < *bairka "birch" | *berkanan | /b/ [b, β] | 2 | 𐌱 |
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𐌲 | g | Γ | geuua < giba "gift" | *gebō | /ɡ/ [ɡ, ɣ, x]; /n/ [ŋ] | 3 | 𐌲 |
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𐌳 | d | Δ | daaz < dags "day" | *dagaz | /d/ [d, ð] | 4 | 𐌳 |
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𐌴 | e | Ε | eyz < aiƕs "horse" or eivs "yew" | *eihwaz | /eː/ | 5 | 𐌴 |
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𐌵 | q | Π | quetra < *qairþra ? or quairna "millstone" | (see *perþō) | /kʷ/ | 6 | 𐌵 |
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𐌶 | z | Ζ | ezec < ezec[6] (?) | (see *algiz) | /z/ | 7 | 𐌶 |
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𐌷 | h | H | haal < *hagal or *hagls "hail" | *haglaz | /h/ | 8 | 𐌷 |
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𐌸 | þ (th) | Θ | thyth < þiuþ "good" or þaurnus "thorn" | *thurisaz | /θ/ | 9 | 𐌸 |
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𐌹 | i | Ι | iiz < *eis "ice" | *īsaz | /i/ | 10 | 𐌹 |
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𐌺 | k | Κ | chozma < *kusma or kōnja "pine sap" | *kaunan | /k/ | 20 | 𐌺 |
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𐌻 | l | Λ | laaz < *lagus "sea, lake" | *laguz | /l/ | 30 | 𐌻 |
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𐌼 | m | Μ | manna < manna "man" | *mannaz | /m/ | 40 | 𐌼 |
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𐌽 | n | Ν | noicz < nauþs "need" | *naudiz | /n/ | 50 | 𐌽 |
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𐌾 | j | ᛃ | gaar < jēr "year" | *jēran | /j/ | 60 | 𐌾 |
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𐌿 | u | ᚢ | uraz < *ūrus "aurochs" | *ūruz | /u, uː/ | 70 | 𐌿 |
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𐍀 | p | Π | pertra < *pairþa ? | *perþō | /p/ | 80 | 𐍀 |
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𐍁 | Ϙ | 90 | 𐍁 | ||||
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𐍂 | r | R | reda < *raida "wagon" | *raidō | /r/ | 100 | 𐍂 |
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𐍃 | s | S | sugil < sauïl or sōjil "sun" | *sôwilô | /s/ | 200 | 𐍃 |
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𐍄 | t | Τ | tyz < *tius "the god Týr" | *tīwaz | /t/ | 300 | 𐍄 |
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𐍅 | w | Υ | uuinne < vinja "field, pasture" or vinna "pain" | *wunjō | /w, y/ | 400 | 𐍅 |
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𐍆 | f | F | fe < faihu "cattle, wealth" | *fehu | /f/ | 500 | 𐍆 |
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𐍇 | x | Χ | enguz < *iggus or *iggvs "the god Yngvi" | *ingwaz | /x/? | 600 | 𐍇 |
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𐍈 | ƕ (hw) | Θ | uuaer < *ƕair "kettle" | - | /hʷ/ | 700 | 𐍈 |
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𐍉 | o | Ω, ᛟ | utal < *ōþal "ancestral land" | *ōþala | /oː/ | 800 | 𐍉 |
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𐍊 | Ϡ | 900 | 𐍊 | ||||
Most of the letters have been taken over directly from the Greek alphabet, though a few have been created and/or modified from Latin or Runic letters to express unique phonological features of Gothic. These are:
- 𐌵 (q; derived by inverting Greek 𐍀 /p/, perhaps due to similarity in the Gothic names: pairþa vs. qairþa)
- 𐌸 (þ; derived from Greek Φ /f/ with phonetic reassignment)[citation needed]
- 𐌾 (j; derived from Latin G /g/[citation needed] with possible influence from Runic ᛃ /j/)
- 𐌿 (u; derived from Runic ᚢ /u/)[7]
- 𐍈 (ƕ; derived from Greek Θ /θ/ with phonetic reassignment)[citation needed]
- 𐍉 (o; derived either from Greek Ω or from Runic ᛟ)[8]
𐍂 (r), 𐍃 (s) and 𐍆 (f) appear to be derived from their Latin equivalents rather than from the Greek, although the equivalent Runic letters (ᚱ, ᛋ and ᚠ), assumed to have been part of the Gothic futhark, likely played some role in this choice.[9]
𐍇 (x) is only used in proper names and loanwords containing Greek Χ (xristus "Christ", galiugaxristus "Pseudo-Christ", zaxarias "Zacharias", aivxaristia "eucharist").[10]
Regarding the letters' numeric values, most correspond to those of the Greek numerals. Gothic 𐌵 takes the place of Ϝ (6), 𐌾 takes the place of ξ (60), 𐌿 that of Ο (70), and 𐍈 that of ψ (700).
Diacritics and punctuation [link]
Diacritics and punctuation used in the Codex Argenteus include a trema placed on 𐌹 i, transliterated as ï, in general applied to express diaeresis, the Interpunct (·) and colon (:) as well as overlines to indicate sigla (such as xaus for xristaus) and numerals.
Unicode [link]
The Gothic alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in March, 2001 with the release of version 3.1.
The Unicode block for Gothic is U+10330–U+1034F in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane. As older software that uses UCS-2 (the predecessor of UTF-16) assumes that all Unicode codepoints can be expressed as 16 bit numbers (U+FFFF or lower, the Basic Multilingual Plane), problems may be encountered using the Gothic alphabet Unicode range and others outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.
| Gothic[1] Unicode.org chart (PDF) |
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| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+1033x | 𐌰 | 𐌱 | 𐌲 | 𐌳 | 𐌴 | 𐌵 | 𐌶 | 𐌷 | 𐌸 | 𐌹 | 𐌺 | 𐌻 | 𐌼 | 𐌽 | 𐌾 | 𐌿 |
| U+1034x | 𐍀 | 𐍁 | 𐍂 | 𐍃 | 𐍄 | 𐍅 | 𐍆 | 𐍇 | 𐍈 | 𐍉 | 𐍊 | |||||
Notes
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Notes [link]
- ^ According to the testimony of the historians Philostorgius, Socrates of Constantinople and Sozomen. Cf. Streitberg (1910:20).
- ^ Cf. Jensen (1969:474).
- ^ Cf. Haarmann (1991:434).
- ^ For a discussion of the Gothic alphabet see also Fausto Cercignani, The Elaboration of the Gothic Alphabet and Orthography, in “Indogermanische Forschungen”, 93, 1988, pp. 168-185.
- ^ The forms which are not attested in the Gothic corpus are marked with an asterisk. For a detailed discussion of the reconstructed forms, cf. Kirchhoff (1854). For a survey of the relevant literature, cf. Zacher (1855).
- ^ Zacher arrives at *iuya, *ivja or *ius, cognate to ON ȳr, OE īv, eóv, OHG īwa "yew tree", though he admits having no ready explanation for the form ezec. Cf. Zacher (1855:10-13).
- ^ Cf. Kirchhoff (1854:55).
- ^ Haarmann (1991:434).
- ^ Cf. Kirchhoff (1854:55-56); Friesen (1915:306-310).
- ^ Wright (1910:5).
See also [link]
References [link]
- Braune, Wilhelm (1952). Gotische Grammatik. Halle: Max Niemeyer.
- Cercignani, Fausto, The Elaboration of the Gothic Alphabet and Orthography, in “Indogermanische Forschungen”, 93, 1988, pp. 168–185.
- Dietrich, Franz (1862). Über die Aussprache des Gotischen Wärend der Zeit seines Bestehens. Marburg: N. G. Elwert'sche Universitätsbuchhandlung.
- Friesen, Otto von (1915). "Gotische Schrift" in Hoops, J. Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, Bd. II. pp. 306–310. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner.
- Haarmann, Harald (1991). Universalgeschichte der Schrift. Frankfurt: Campus.
- Jensen, Hans (1969). Die Schrift in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Berlin: Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften.
- Kirchhoff, Adolf (1854). Das gothische Runenalphabet. Berlin: Wilhelm Hertz.
- Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910). Gotisches Elementarbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
- Weingärtner, Wilhelm (1858). Die Aussprache des Gotischen zur Zeit Ulfilas. Leipzig: T. O. Weigel.
- Wright, Joseph (1910). Grammar of the Gothic Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Zacher, Julius (1855). Das gothische Alphabet Vulvilas und das Runenalphabet. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus.
External links [link]
 |
Gothic alphabet edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
- Omniglot's Gothic writing page
- Pater Noster and Ave Maria in Gothic
- JavaScript Gothic transliterator
- Unicode code chart for Gothic
- WAZU JAPAN's Gallery of Gothic Unicode Fonts
- Dr. Pfeffer's Gothic Unicode Fonts
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https://wn.com/Gothic_alphabet
Gothic (album)
Gothic is the second full-length album released by British heavy metal band Paradise Lost.
This album has been re-released twice, both of which contain remastered sound. The 2003 re-release of this album appended two remixes of songs from Lost Paradise, bringing the total running time to 49 minutes and 30 seconds. Remixed/live versions of "Eternal", "Gothic" and "The Painless", appear on the 2003 digipak re-release of Lost Paradise. In 2008, Gothic was re-released with a bonus DVD with a rare performance by the band.
Track listing
All songs written by Nick Holmes and Gregor Mackintosh.
Personnel
Guest musicians
Production
References
Gothic (Nox Arcana album)
Gothic is the 22nd concept album by Nox Arcana. The album opens with an introductory narration, describing terms of an inheritance of an old gothic mansion called Grimstone Manor. The story described in narrative form and in the liner notes contains elements of danger and romance like that of a 19th century Gothic novel. Musically, the album features Nox Arcana's brand of dark ambient music, with the use of pipe organ, violins, harpsichord, piano, choirs, and other instrumentation, representing a musical journey through the haunted mansion.
Track listing
System
A system is a set of interacting or interdependent component parts forming a complex/intricate whole. Every system is delineated by its spatial and temporal boundaries, surrounded and influenced by its environment, described by its structure and purpose and expressed in its functioning.
The term system may also refer to a set of rules that governs structure and/or behavior. Alternatively, and usually in the context of complex social systems, the term is used to describe the set of rules that govern structure and/or behavior.
Etymology
The term "system" comes from the Latin word systēma, in turn from Greek σύστημα systēma: "whole compounded of several parts or members, system", literary "composition".
History
According to Marshall McLuhan,
"System" means "something to look at". You must have a very high visual gradient to have systematization. In philosophy, before Descartes, there was no "system". Plato had no "system". Aristotle had no "system".
In the 19th century the French physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, who studied thermodynamics, pioneered the development of the concept of a "system" in the natural sciences. In 1824 he studied the system which he called the working substance (typically a body of water vapor) in steam engines, in regards to the system's ability to do work when heat is applied to it. The working substance could be put in contact with either a boiler, a cold reservoir (a stream of cold water), or a piston (to which the working body could do work by pushing on it). In 1850, the German physicist Rudolf Clausius generalized this picture to include the concept of the surroundings and began to use the term "working body" when referring to the system.
System (disambiguation)
The term system may refer to:
In natural sciences
In information technology
System (journal)
System (ISSN 0346-251X) is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering the applications of educational technology and applied linguistics to problems of foreign language teaching and learning. It was established in 1973 and is published quarterly by Elsevier.
