Atmosphere

An atmosphere (from Greek ἀτμός (atmos), meaning "vapour", and σφαῖρα (sphaira), meaning "sphere") is a layer of gases surrounding a planet or other material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body. An atmosphere is more likely to be retained if the gravity is high and the atmosphere's temperature is low.

The atmosphere of Earth is mostly composed of nitrogen. It also contains oxygen used by most organisms for respiration and carbon dioxide used by plants, algae and cyanobacteria for photosynthesis. The atmosphere helps protect living organisms from genetic damage by solar ultraviolet radiation, solar wind and cosmic rays. Its current composition is the product of billions of years of biochemical modification of the paleoatmosphere by living organisms.

The term stellar atmosphere describes the outer region of a star, and typically includes the portion starting from the opaque photosphere outwards. Stars with sufficiently low temperatures may form compound molecules in their outer atmosphere.

Atmosphere (unit)

The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as 101325 Pa (1.01325 bar). It is sometimes used as a reference or standard pressure.

History

In 1954 the 10th Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM) adopted standard atmosphere for general use and affirmed its definition of being precisely equal to 1,013,250 dynes per square centimetre (101325 Pa). This value was intended to represent the mean atmospheric pressure at mean sea level at the latitude of Paris, France, and does reflect the mean sea level pressure for many industrialized nations that are at broadly similar latitudes.

In chemistry and in various industries, the reference pressure referred to in “Standard Temperature and Pressure” (STP) was commonly 1 atm (101.325 kPa) but standards have since diverged; in 1982, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommended that for the purposes of specifying the physical properties of substances, “standard pressure” should be precisely 100 kPa (1 bar).

Atmosphere (journal)

Atmosphere is a monthly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering research related to the Earth`s atmosphere. The journal is published by MDPI and was established in 2010. The founding editor-in-chief was Daniela Jacob (Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology) until 2014. The current editor-in-chief is Robert Talbot (University of Houston).

Abstracting and indexing

Atmosphere is covered by the following indexing and abstracting databases:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 1.132.

Features of Atmosphere

Give (song)

"Give" is a song by American country recording artist LeAnn Rimes, that was released as the third and final single from her album Lady & Gentlemen. The song is written by Connie Harrington, Sonya Isaacs and Jimmy Yeary.

Background

The single was officially released for digital download to iTunes stores and Amazon.com on June 14, 2011. The single was released to radio on July 18, 2011. A set of remixes was released by iTunes stores for digital download on October 11, 2011.

Critical reception

Jonathan Keefe of Slant Magazine gave a mixed review on the song stating that "Rimes delivers a lovely, subtle performance on "Give," but the song lacks the depth of insight that "What I Cannot Change," the standout track on Family, proved she's capable of writing." Randy Lewis of the Los Angeles Times claimed that song takes Rimes "back to the contemporary pop-country mainstream."

Music video

The music video for "Give" was released on Rimes' official YouTube on September 9, 2011. A shorter version of the song was released later on CMT.com. Both videos are directed by Nigel Dick.

Give (Balkan Beat Box album)

Give is the fourth studio album by the Israeli electronica-world fusion trio Balkan Beat Box.

Critical reception

Give received generally favorable reviews from critics, with the exception of a D- from Consequence of Sound's Alex Young. Young wrote that on the album, "the band is able to put checkmarks in all the Balkan Beat Box boxes but fail to meet the standards they set previously in any of them."

Track listing

Charts

Personnel

References

Give (The Bad Plus album)

Give is the third studio album released by The Bad Plus. It contains covers of Ornette Coleman's "Street Woman", The Pixies' "Velouria", and Black Sabbath's "Iron Man".

Track listing

Depending on the pressing, one or both of the following tracks may appear as bonus tracks. The recording of "Knowing Me, Knowing You" is not the same as the one that appeared on The Bad Plus album.

Personnel

References