Gill (unit)

The gill (pronouncedⁱ/ˈdʒɪl/) is a unit of measurement for volume equal to a quarter of a pint. It is no longer in common use, except in regard to the volume of alcoholic spirits measures.

In Great Britain, the standard single measure of spirits in a pub was ¹⁄₆ gill (23.7 ml) in England, and ¹⁄₅ gill (28.4 ml) in Scotland; after metrication this was replaced by either 25 or 35 ml (0.176- or 0.246-gill) measures (landlords can choose which one to serve). The ¹⁄₄ gill was previously the most common measure in Scotland, and still remains as the standard measure in pubs in Ireland. In southern England, it is also called a noggin. In northern England, however, the large noggin is used, which is two gills. In some areas, a gill came to mean half a pint for both beer and milk.

In Ireland, the standard spirit measure was historically ¹⁄₄ gill. In the Republic of Ireland, it still retains this value, though it is now legally specified in metric units as 35.5 ml.

In popular culture

There are occasional references to a gill in popular culture, such as in the cumulative song "The Barley Mow". In L. Frank Baum's "The Patchwork Girl of Oz" one of the ingredients required for a magic spell is a gill of water from a dark well. In chapter 19 the obscure unit is used for humor including a pun with Jack and Jill, which also involved a well.

Gill

A gill (ⁱ/ɡɪl/) is a respiratory organ found in many aquatic organisms that extracts dissolved oxygen from water and excretes carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they are kept moist. The microscopic structure of a gill presents a large surface area to the external environment.

Many microscopic aquatic animals, and some larger but inactive ones, can absorb adequate oxygen through the entire surface of their bodies, and so can respire adequately without a gill. However, more complex or more active aquatic organisms usually require a gill or gills.

Gills usually consist of thin filaments of tissue, branches, or slender, tufted processes that have a highly folded surface to increase surface area. A high surface area is crucial to the gas exchange of aquatic organisms, as water contains only a small fraction of the dissolved oxygen that air does. A cubic meter of air contains about 250 grams of oxygen at STP. The concentration of oxygen in water is lower than air and it diffuses more slowly. In fresh water, the dissolved oxygen content is approximately 8 cm³/L compared to that of air which is 210 cm³/L. Water is 777 times more dense than air and is 100 times more viscous. Oxygen has a diffusion rate in air 10,000 times greater than in water. The use of sac-like lungs to remove oxygen from water would not be efficient enough to sustain life. Rather than using lungs, "[g]asesous exchange takes place across the surface of highly vascularised gills over which a one-way current of water is kept flowing by a specialised pumping mechanism. The density of the water prevents the gills from collapsing and lying on top of each other, which is what happens when a fish is taken out of water."

Gill (name)

Gill may be a surname or given name, derived from a number of unrelated sources;

People with the surname Gill

List of Kim Possible characters

This is a list of characters appearing in the animated series Kim Possible.

Team Possible

Kim Possible

Kimberly Ann "Kim" Possible is a crime fighter and high school cheerleading captain who saves the world on a regular basis while dealing with the normal challenges of a teenager, such as winning cheer competitions, turning in her homework on time, and maintaining a love life. Her name is a play on the word "impossible." Kim has known Ron Stoppable, her sidekick for most missions, since preschool. She has also completed missions with Wade, Monique, her brothers, and even her mother. Kim and Ron end up developing romantic feelings for each other and begin dating during their senior year, in Season 4. She famously adopts untypical teen slang such as "So not the drama", "No big" ("no big deal"), as well as the series' catch phrase, "What's the sitch?" (slang for "situation") in her speech. At Middleton High School, she is popular and charismatic, as well as an excellent student. She has an irritable and demanding personality that often affects her work, yet she fulfills the role of a protagonist by using her intelligence and sensibility to 'save the day'. Though she struggles with embarrassment, her rivalry with Bonnie, and her shyness around her crushes, she usually displays extreme maturity, going so far as to act as Ron's conscience at times. She has a good relationship with her family members, though she is often annoyed by her brothers (whom she calls "Tweebs", for "Twin Dweebs"), and embarrassed by her parents' antics.

Unité

Unité is a mobile network operator in Moldova. Working in CDMA, UMTS and LTE standards.

General information

Communication standard: Unité has a license to work in CDMA standard on frequency of 450 MHz as well as in UMTS standard on frequencies of 2100 MHz and 900 MHz.

Numbering resources:
Unité network codes are:

Internationally they have the form:

Network code:
For CDMA standard: 259 03, where 259 — Mobile Country Code (MCC) for Moldova, and 03 — Mobile Network Code (MNC) for Unité network.
For UMTS standard: 259 05, where 259 — Mobile Country Code (MCC) for Moldova, and 05 — Mobile Network Code (MNC) for Unité network.

History

Unité began its activity on March 1, 2007 as CDMA operator. On April 1, 2010 Unité launched its own 3.5G network.

Mobile Internet

Unité offers mobile internet services via CDMA standard under the brand of "Connect" with speeds up to 2.4 Mbit/s and via 3.5G under the brand of "3G Connect" with speeds up to 14.4 Mbit/s

Ownership

Moldtelecom is 100% shareholder of the operator.

Military organization

Military organization or military organisation is the structuring of the armed forces of a state so as to offer military capability required by the national defense policy. In some countries paramilitary forces are included in a nation's armed forces, though not considered military. Armed forces that are not a part of military or paramilitary organizations, such as insurgent forces, often mimic military organizations, or use ad hoc structures.

Military organization is hierarchical. The use of formalized ranks in a hierarchical structure came into widespread use with the Roman Army. In modern times, executive control, management and administration of military organization is typically undertaken by the government through a government department within the structure of public administration, often known as a Ministry of Defense, Department of Defense, or Department of War. These in turn manage Armed Services that themselves command combat, combat support and service support formations and units.

Modular programming

Modular programming is a software design technique that emphasizes separating the functionality of a program into independent, interchangeable modules, such that each contains everything necessary to execute only one aspect of the desired functionality.

A module interface expresses the elements that are provided and required by the module. The elements defined in the interface are detectable by other modules. The implementation contains the working code that corresponds to the elements declared in the interface. Modular programming is closely related to structured programming and object-oriented programming, all having the same goal of facilitating construction of large software programs and systems by decomposition into smaller pieces, and all originating around the 1960s. While historically usage of these terms has been inconsistent, today "modular programming" refers to high-level decomposition of the code of an entire program into pieces, structured programming to the low-level code use of structured control flow, and object-oriented programming to the data use of objects, a kind of data structure.