Time-based One-time Password Algorithm

Time-based One-time Password Algorithm (TOTP) is an algorithm that computes a one-time password from a shared secret key and the current time. It has been adopted as Internet Engineering Task Force standard RFC 6238, is the cornerstone of Initiative For Open Authentication (OATH), and is used in a number of two-factor authentication systems.

TOTP is an example of a hash-based message authentication code (HMAC). It combines a secret key with the current timestamp using a cryptographic hash function to generate a one-time password. The timestamp typically increases in 30-second intervals, so passwords generated close together in time from the same secret key will be equal.

In a typical two-factor authentication application, user authentication proceeds as follows: a user enters username and password into a website or other server, generates a one-time password for the server using TOTP running locally on a smartphone or other device, and types that password into the server as well. The server then also runs TOTP to verify the entered one-time password. For this to work, the clocks of the user's device and the server need to be roughly synchronized (the server will typically accept one-time passwords generated from timestamps that differ by ±1 time interval from the client's timestamp). A single secret key, to be used for all subsequent authentication sessions, must have been shared between the server and the user's device over a secure channel ahead of time. If some more steps are carried out, the user can also authenticate the server using TOTP.

ISO 8601

ISO 8601 Data elements and interchange formats – Information interchange – Representation of dates and times is an international standard covering the exchange of date and time-related data. It was issued by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and was first published in 1988. The purpose of this standard is to provide an unambiguous and well-defined method of representing dates and times, so as to avoid misinterpretation of numeric representations of dates and times, particularly when data are transferred between countries with different conventions for writing numeric dates and times.

In general, ISO 8601 applies to representations and formats of dates in the Gregorian (and potentially proleptic Gregorian) calendar, times based on the 24-hour timekeeping system (including optional time zone information), time intervals and combinations thereof. The standard does not assign any specific meaning to elements of the date/time to be represented; the meaning will depend on the context of its use. In addition, dates and times to be represented cannot include words with no specified numerical meaning in the standard (e.g., names of years in the Chinese calendar) or that do not use characters (e.g., images, sounds).

Extension mechanisms for DNS

Extension mechanisms for DNS (EDNS) is a specification for expanding the size of several parameters of the Domain Name System (DNS) protocol which had size restrictions that the Internet engineering community deemed too limited for increasing functionality of the protocol. The first set of extensions was published in 1999 by the Internet Engineering Task Force as RFC 2671, also known as EDNS0.

Motivation

The Domain Name System was first developed in the early 1980s, since which time it has been progressively enhanced with new features, while maintaining compatibility with earlier versions of the protocol.

The restrictions in size of several flags fields, return codes and label types available in the basic DNS protocol were not sufficient to support some desirable features. Moreover, DNS messages carried by UDP were restricted to 512 bytes, not considering the Internet Protocol (IP) and transport layer headers. Resorting to a virtual circuit transport, using the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), would greatly increase overhead. This presented a major obstacle to adding new features to DNS. In 1999, Paul Vixie proposed extending DNS to allow for new flags and response codes, and to provide support for longer responses in a framework that is backwards compatible with previous implementations.

Gala (apple)

'Gala' is a clonally propagated apple cultivar with a mild and sweet flavor. 'Gala' apples ranked at number 2 in 2006 on the US Apple Association's list of most popular apples, after 'Red Delicious' and before 'Golden Delicious', 'Granny Smith', and 'Fuji' (in order). The skin color of the fruit is non-uniform.

Appearance and flavor

Gala apples are vertically striped or mottled, overall orange in colour. Gala apples are sweet, fine textured, and aromatic, and can be added to salads or cooked, and are especially suitable for creating sauces.

History

The first Gala apple tree was one of many seedlings resulting from a cross between a Golden Delicious and a Kidd's Orange Red planted in New Zealand in the 1930s by orchardist J.H. Kidd. Donald W. McKenzie, an employee of Stark Bros Nursery, obtained a US plant patent for the cultivar on October 15, 1974. It is a relatively new introduction to the UK, first planted in commercial volumes during the 1980s. The variety now represents about 20% of the total volume of the commercial production of eating apples grown in the UK, often replacing Cox's Orange Pippin.

Gala (literary prize)

Gala (Georgian: გალა) is a literary competition founded under the aegis of the Tbilisi Sakrebulo (Tbilisi City Assembly,Georgia). The idea of the competition belongs to writer and member of Tbilisi City Assembly Zaal Samadashvili. The competition presents awards in seven categories.

Winners receive a copy of a Bronze Age axe and prize money (4000 GEL). The idea of Bronze Age axe sketch pertains to sculptor Gogi Ochiauri, whereas the prize itself was elaborated by Tbilisi City Assembly member Khatuna Ochiauri.

Awards

Winners

Gala 2007

Gala (magazine)

Gala is a French language weekly celebrity and women's magazine published in Paris, France. The magazine also has international editions.

History and profile

Gala was first published in 1993. The magazine is published by Prisma Media on a weekly basis. The headquarters of the weekly is in Paris. The editor-in-chief is Juliette Serfati. The magazine provides news on significant figures from entertainment, fashion and society and targets women.

Gala has five editions. The magazine is published in German, Polish and Russian languages. The magazine is also published in Arabic in Lebanon and Kuwait. The German edition of Gala was established in 1994 and is published weekly.

In the period of 2013-2014 the circulation of Gala was 234,175 copies.

References

External links