Gross axle weight rating

The gross axle weight rating (GAWR) is the maximum distributed weight that may be supported by an axle of a road vehicle. Typically, GAWR is followed by either the letters FR or RR, which indicate front or rear axles respectively.

Importance

Road damage rises steeply with axle weight, and is estimated "as a rule of thumb... for reasonably strong pavement surfaces" to be proportional to the fourth power of the axle weight. This means that doubling the axle weight will increase road damage (2x2x2x2)=16 times. For this reason trucks with a high axle weight are heavily taxed in most countries.

Examples of GAWR on common axles.

Maximum weight laws

In the EU and U.S. legal maximum load restrictions are placed on weight, independent of manufacturer’s rating. In the EU a tractor can generally have 10 tonnes on a single axle, with suspension type and number of tires often allowing slightly higher loads. In the U.S. weight restrictions are generally 20,000# on a single axle, and 34,000# (less than two single axles) on a tandem. The primary factor is distance between axle centerlines, also used to measure bridge formulas. A bridge formula does not reduce axle load allowances, rather Gross Vehicle Weights(GVW), which can affect load distribution and actual axle weights.