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Firing Line
Genre	Talk show
Directed by	Warren Steibel
Presented by	William F. Buckley
Country of origin	United States
Language(s)	English
No. of episodes	1,504
Production
Running time	60 minutes
Production company(s)	WOR-TV (1966-1971) SCETV (1971-1999)
Broadcast
Original run	1966 – 1999

Firing Line (1966–1999) was an American public affairs show founded and hosted by conservative William F. Buckley, Jr. Its 1,504 episodes over 33 years made Firing Line the longest-running public affairs show in television history with a single host. The erudite program, which featured many of the most prominent intellectuals and public figures in the United States, won an Emmy Award in 1969.

Although the program's format varied over the years, it typically featured the politically conservative Buckley interviewing a guest and exchanging views, with the two seated together in front of a small studio audience. Standing or sitting further away in the studio, an "examiner", typically a political liberal, would ask questions, generally toward the end of the show. Guests were people notable in the fields of politics to religion, literature and academia, and their views could sharply contrast or be in strong agreement with Buckley's. Most guests were intellectuals, and they were interviewed about ideas and issues of the day.

Reflecting Buckley's talents and preferences, the exchange of views was almost always polite, and the guests were given time to answer questions at length, slowing the pace of the program. "The show was devoted to a leisurely examination of issues and ideas at an extremely high level", according to Jeff Greenfield, who frequently appeared as an examiner.^[1] John Kenneth Galbraith said of the program, "Firing Line is one of the rare occasions when you have a chance to correct the errors of the man who's interrogating you."^[1]

The show might be compared in politeness and style of discourse to other national public interview shows, specifically those hosted by Charlie Rose or Terry Gross, but Buckley was clearly interested in debate.

In a 1999 Salon.com article, The Weekly Standard editor William Kristol summarized Buckley's approach to the show: "Buckley really believes that in order to convince, you have to debate and not just preach, which of course means risking the possibility that someone will beat you in debate."^[2] Buckley was not averse to asking tough questions of friendly guests, either, according to Tom Wolfe who recalled the interviewer asking him whether there were really any original insights in his book The Bonfire of the Vanities.^[1]

The theme music of Firing Line was the Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F Major, Third Movement (Allegro assai), by Johann Sebastian Bach.

History and format [link]

Firing Line began in 1966 as an hour-long show (including breaks) for commercial television, syndicated by WOR-TV in New York City where it ran for 240 episodes.

Buckley and his producer, Warren Steibel, used various methods over the years of bringing an extra perspective to the show. In the early years there would often be a panel of questioners. In 1977 the panel was replaced by an "examiner" who played a larger part in the proceedings. Examiners varied, with Jeff Greenfield, Michael Kinsley, Harriet Pilpel, and Mark J. Green appearing most frequently. When the show was shortened to 30 minutes in 1988, the role of examiner was eliminated, but there was often a moderator, whose role was similar to that of the moderator in a formal debate. The moderator would introduce both host and guest, and then ask the opening question.

In 1971, Firing Line moved to the Public Broadcasting Service under the auspices of South Carolina Educational Television, and became a full hour.

For the show's 15th anniversary in 1981, Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Vernon Jordan, Henry Kissinger, and Louis Auchincloss presided over a party for Buckley at the New York Yacht Club.^[1]

Starting in 1978, scattered among the regular shows were occasional specials and two-hour formal debates, with opening statements, cross-examination, and closing statements. In 1988 the program shifted to a half-hour format for regular shows. Beginning in March 1993, the formal debate would often be followed by shows in which most or all of the participants engaged in informal discussion.

Buckley's persona [link]

Buckley's distinctive mannerisms were prominently displayed by the program and were part of the public images of both the show and Buckley. Buckley was frequently seen leaning far back in his chair, a pen near his mouth and a clipboard in hand.^[1] His flicking tongue,^[1] widening eyes and flashing smile also characterized his style, as did his multisyllabic vocabulary. Buckley's voice was widely satirized as, for instance, by Robin Williams in the animated movie Aladdin.

At the same time that guests were treated politely, Buckley might also gently mock them, particularly if he was friendly with them, as with John Kenneth Galbraith or examiner Mark J. Green. “You’ve been on the show close to 100 times over the years", Buckley once asked Green. "Tell me, Mark, have you learned anything yet?"^[1] When Allen Ginsberg asked if he could sing a song in praise of Krishna, Buckley acceded and the poet chanted "Hare Krishna" repeatedly as he played dolefully on a harmonium. According to Richard Brookhiser, an associate of Buckley's, the host commented that it was "the most unharried Krishna I've ever heard."^[1]

Buckley addressed his guests as "Mr." or "Mrs." He once called Margaret Thatcher "Margaret" because he thought she had addressed him as "Bill". He was embarrassed later when he saw the transcript and realized she had been referring to a legislative bill.^[1] In his usual style and manner, he immediately wrote a personal letter of apology to the Prime Minister.

Prominent guests [link]

The more prominent guests on the program included:

• Politicians and statesmen: Jimmy Carter, Harold Macmillan, Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher, Enoch Powell, Edward F. Prichard, Jr., Ron Paul

• Academics: John Kenneth Galbraith, Noam Chomsky, B.F. Skinner

• Others: Mortimer Adler, Muhammad Ali, Anthony Burgess, Beth Courtney, Bernadette Devlin, Allen Ginsberg, Billy Graham, Jesse Jackson, Henry Kissinger, Jack Kerouac, Clare Boothe Luce, Malachi Martin, Groucho Marx, Malcolm Muggeridge, William Shockley, Huey P. Newton, Tom Wolfe, Norman Mailer, Walker Percy, Richard Vatz, Jorge Luis Borges, and Richard John Neuhaus

DVD release [link]

A number of episodes of the show have been released on DVD by the Hoover Archive and are sold exclusively through Amazon.com. As well as that for slightly higher price the Hoover Archive will supply unreleased episodes on DVD through their website.

See also [link]

• David Susskind
• Dick Cavett

Notes [link]

Further reading [link]

• On the Firing Line: The Public Life of Our Public Figures, by William F. Buckley (New York: Random House, 1989), ISBN 0-394-57568-7. A collection of transcript excerpts and commentary.

External links [link]

• The Firing Line collection (with a program list and RealVideo clips) from the Hoover Institution Archives
• Firing Line at the Internet Movie Database
• Firing Line Ceases Fire, a January 1999 article from Salon.com
• "All Quiet on the Firing Line", a December 1999 CNN article commenting on the end of the show