Raw image format

A camera raw image file contains minimally processed data from the image sensor of either a digital camera, image scanner, or motion picture film scanner. Raw files are named so because they are not yet processed and therefore are not ready to be printed or edited with a bitmap graphics editor. Normally, the image is processed by a raw converter in a wide-gamut internal colorspace where precise adjustments can be made before conversion to a "positive" file format such as TIFF or JPEG for storage, printing, or further manipulation, which often encodes the image in a device-dependent colorspace. There are dozens, if not hundreds, of raw formats in use by different models of digital equipment (like cameras or film scanners).

Rationale

Raw image files are sometimes called digital negatives, as they fulfill the same role as negatives in film photography: that is, the negative is not directly usable as an image, but has all of the information needed to create an image. Likewise, the process of converting a raw image file into a viewable format is sometimes called developing a raw image, by analogy with the film development process used to convert photographic film into viewable prints. The selection of the final choice of image rendering is part of the process of white balancing and color grading.

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DCS

DCS may refer to:

Government

Defense Clandestine Service, a component of the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency tasked with carrying out espionage operations around the world

Deputy Chief of Staff (DCS), as in:

Deputy Chief of the Air Staff

Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff

White House Deputy Chief of Staff

Diplomatic Courier Service, the element of the US Department of State responsible for protecting diplomatic pouches and material, see Bureau of Diplomatic Security

Directorate of Colonial Surveys, the United Kingdom's central survey and mapping organisation for British colonies and protectorates 1946-1957

Law enforcement

Department of Corrective Services, department of New South Wales Government responsible for supervision of adult offenders on community-based or custodial orders

Detective Chief Superintendent, the senior detective and commander of the Criminal Investigation Department in most forces in the United Kingdom

GSM frequency bands

GSM frequency bands or frequency ranges are the cellular frequencies designated by the ITU for the operation of GSM mobile phones.

Frequency bands

There are fourteen bands defined in 3GPP TS 45.005, which succeeded 3GPP TS 05.05:

bands 2 and 5 (shaded in blue) have been deployed in NAR and CALA (North American Region [Canada and the US], Caribbean and Latin America)

bands 3 and 8 (shaded in yellow) have been deployed in EMEA and APAC (Europe, the Middle East and Africa, Asia-Pacific)

all other bands have not seen any commercial deployments

P-GSM, Standard or Primary GSM-900 Band

E-GSM, Extended GSM-900 Band (includes Standard GSM-900 band)

R-GSM, Railways GSM-900 Band (includes Standard and Extended GSM-900 band)

T-GSM, Trunking-GSM

GSM frequency usage around the world

A dual-band 900/1800 phone is required to be compatible with most networks apart from deployments in ITU-Region 2.

GSM-900, EGSM/EGSM-900 and GSM-1800

GSM-900 and GSM-1800 are used in most parts of the world (ITU-Regions 1 and 3): Africa, Europe, Middle East, Asia (apart from Japan and South Korea where GSM has never been introduced) and Oceania.