Elp culture
The Elp culture (c. 1800—800 BCE) is a Bronze Age archaeological culture of the Netherlands having earthenware pottery of low quality known as "Kümmerkeramik" (also "Grobkeramik") as a marker. The initial phase is characterized by tumuli (1800–1200 BCE), strongly tied to contemporary tumuli in Northern Germany and Scandinavia, and apparently related to the Tumulus culture (1600–1200 BCE) in Central Europe. This phase was followed by a subsequent change featuring Urnfield (cremation) burial customs (1200–800 BCE).
Part of the "Nordwestblock", it is situated to the north and east of the Rhine and the IJssel (named after the village of Elp at 52°53′N 6°39′E / 52.883°N 6.650°E / 52.883; 6.650), bordering the Hilversum culture to the south and the Hoogkarspel culture in West Friesland that, together with Elp, all derive from the Barbed Wire Beakers culture (2100–1800 BCE) and, forming a culture complex at the boundary between the Atlantic and the Nordic horizons.
First the dead were buried in shallow pits and covered by a low barrow. At the end of the Bronze Age they were cremated and the urns were gathered in low barrows. Family burials occurred only in the later stages.
Elp
Elp is a town in the Dutch province of Drenthe. It is a part of the municipality of Midden-Drenthe, and lies about 15 km south of Assen.
The Elp culture was named after the town.
In 2001, the town of Elp had 264 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.20 km², and contained 105 residences. The statistical area "Elp", which can also include the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 410.
References
Ephemeride Lunaire Parisienne
Éphéméride Lunaire Parisienne is a lunar theory developed by Jean Chapront, Michelle Chapront-Touzé, and others at the Bureau des Longitudes in the 1970s to 1990s.
ELP gives a series expansion of the orbital elements and the coordinates of the Moon. The authors refer to it as a "semi-analytical" theory because they developed their expressions not purely symbolically, but introduced numerical values for orbital constants from the outset; but they also constructed partial derivatives of all terms with respect to these constants, so they could make corrections afterwards to reach the final solution.
ELP has been fitted not directly to observations, but to the numerical integrations known as the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Development Ephemeris (which includes the Lunar Ephemerides), that in their turn have been fitted to actual astronomical observations. ELP was fitted initially to the DE200, but improved parameters have been published up to DE405.
Even though ELP contains more than 20,000 periodic terms, it is not sufficiently accurate to predict the Moon's position to the centimeter accuracy with which that can be measured by LLR. An attempt was made to improve the planetary terms with the ELP/MPP02 lunar theory, but heuristic corrections remained necessary.
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