Aeaea or Eëa (
/iːˈiːə/ ee-EE-ə or /əˈiːə/ ə-EE-ə; Greek Αἰαία, ae'ae:a) was a mythological island said to be the home of the sorceress Circe. Odysseus tells Alcinous that he stayed here for a year on his way home to Ithaca.
Though the somewhat inconsistent geography of the Odyssey is often considered more mythic than literal, Aeaea was later identified by classical Roman writers with Mount Circeo on Cape Circeo (Cape Circaeum) on the western coast of Italy—about 100 kilometers south of Rome—which may have looked like an island due to the marshes and sea surrounding its base but which is a small peninsula. It was already a peninsula according to Dionysius of Halicarnassus. However, it may have been still an island in the days of Homer, with a long "lido" or sandy peninsula that gradually became attached to the mainland, in a common geological process.
The modern Greek scholar Ioannis Kakridis, who insisted that any attempt of realistic identification is vain, argued that Homer thought of Aeaea somewhere in the eastern part of his world, perhaps near Colchis, since Circe was daughter of the sun, the sister of Aeëtes, and the aunt of Medea (another sorceress), and because the goddess Dawn had her palace there.
Archeologists have identified one cave or grotto on the cape as "Grotta della Maga Circe", the cave of Circe. A second was found on the nearby Island of Ponza. It is believed that the Circe had her summer home on Mount Circe and her winter home on Ponza, which may possibly be the island of Aeaea.
Before leaving Aeaea, Odysseus was given instructions by Circe about how to cross the ocean[1] and assisted by North Wind to reach the underworld:
When your ship has traversed the stream of Oceanus, you will reach the fertile shore of Persephone's country with its groves of tall poplars and willows that shed their fruit untimely; here beach your ship upon the shore of Oceanus, and go straight on to the dark abode of Hades. (Odyssey 10.505, tr. Samuel Butler)
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Other hypothetical locations [link]
Robert Graves (The Greek Myths) identifies, as Aeaea, the island of Lošinj, near the Istrian peninsnusla in the north Adriatic Sea.
Tim Severin (The Ulyssess Voyage) identifies, as Aeaea, the island of Paxos in the Ionian Sea near the Greek coast. The island is on the farthest west on a boundary between the sea and the river of Okeanos, which is said to encircle the earth.
Aeaea in literature [link]
In Richard Aldington's novel "All Men are Enemies" (1933), Aeaea is the island, "twelve hours from Naples" (obviously mythical), where his heroes meet, and love between them flourishes.[2]
John Banville's 1993 novel Ghosts has a boating party shipwrecked on an unnamed island; one character, Sophie, speculates that it is Aeaea; another says, "Yes...yes, Aeaea: you will feel at home, no doubt", a reference to Sophie's Circean nature.[3] ea, the country where her father Aeëtes ruled.[4] It was also a surname of Circe, who was the sister of Aeëtes.[5][6][7] Her son Telegonus is likewise mentioned with this surname.[8] It was also a surname of Calypso, who was believed to have inhabited a small island of the name of Aeaea in the straits between Italy and Sicily.[9][10]
References [link]
- ^ Homer's Odyssey 10.503
- ^ "Books: Softer Answers". Time. 1933-07-31. https://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,753877,00.html. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
- ^ Banville, John. Ghosts, page 7.
- ^ Apollonius of Rhodes, iii. 1135
- ^ Homer, Odyssey ix. 32
- ^ Apollonius of Rhodes, iv. 559
- ^ Virgil, Aeneid iii. 386
- ^ Acaeus, Propert. ii. 23. § 42
- ^ Pomp. Mela, ii. 7
- ^ Propert. iii. 10." 81
Sources [link]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1867). "article name needed". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
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Edition (printmaking)
In printmaking, an edition is a number of prints struck from one plate, usually at the same time. This is the meaning covered by this article. This may be a limited edition, with a fixed number of impressions produced on the understanding that no further impressions (copies) will be produced later, or an open edition limited only by the number that can be sold or produced before the plate wears. Most modern artists produce only limited editions, normally signed by the artist in pencil, and numbered as say 67/100 to show the unique number of that impression and the total edition size.
Original or reproduction?
An important and often confused distinction is that between editions of original prints, produced in the same medium as the artist worked (e.g., etching, or lithography), and reproduction prints (or paintings), which are photographic reproductions of the original work, essentially in the same category as a picture in a book or magazine, though better printed and on better paper. These may be marketed as "limited editions" with investment potential (which is rarely realized), and even signed and numbered by the artist. Some knowledge is often required to tell the difference.
Flavin mononucleotide
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), or riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin (vitamin B2) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors. During the catalytic cycle, a reversible interconversion of the oxidized (FMN), semiquinone (FMNH•) and reduced (FMNH2) forms occurs in the various oxidoreductases. FMN is a stronger oxidizing agent than NAD and is particularly useful because it can take part in both one- and two-electron transfers. In its role as blue-light photo receptor, (oxidized) FMN stands out from the 'conventional' photo receptors as the signaling state and not an E/Z isomerization.
It is the principal form in which riboflavin is found in cells and tissues. It requires more energy to produce, but is more soluble than riboflavin.
Food additive
Flavin mononucleotide is also used as an orange-red food colour additive, designated in Europe as E number E101a.
