'Red Delicious' | |
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Details | |
Hybrid parentage | Chance seedling |
Cultivar | 'Red Delicious' |
Origin | ![]() |
The Red Delicious is a clone of apple cultigen, now comprising more than 50 cultivars, that was recognized in Madison County, Iowa, United States, in 1880. As new cultivars with improved color and earlier harvestability have replaced the original cultivar in commercial orchards, the taste and texture of the harvested commodity have deteriorated, and many customers have begun to reject the Red Delicious at the food market.[1] Roger Yepsen notes some of the Red's less desirable qualities. "The skin is thick and bitter and has to be chewed vigorously... this apple ranks close to the bottom when cooked... sold year round, so shop with skepticism. Delicious retains its cheerful good looks long after its flavor has departed."[2]
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The Red Delicious originated at an orchard in 1880 as "a round, blushed yellow fruit of surpassing sweetness"[citation needed]. Stark Nurseries held a competition in 1892[3] to find an apple to replace the Ben Davis apple. The winner was a red and yellow striped apple sent by Jesse Hiatt, a farmer in Peru, Iowa, who called it "Hawkeye". Stark Nurseries bought the rights from Hiatt, renamed the variety "Stark Delicious", and began propagating it. Another apple tree, later named the Golden Delicious, was also marketed by Stark Nurseries after it was purchased from a farmer in Clay County, West Virginia,[4] in 1914; the Delicious became the Red Delicious as a retronym.[5]
In the 1980s, Red Delicious represented three-quarters of the harvest in Washington state. A decade later, reliance on Red Delicious had helped to push Washington state's apple industry to the edge.[5] In 2000, Congress approved and President Bill Clinton signed a bill to bail out the apple industry, after apple growers had lost $760 million since 1997.[1] By 2000, this cultivar made up less than one half of the Washington state output, and in 2003, the crop had shrunk to 37 percent of the state's harvest, which totaled 103 million boxes. Although Red Delicious still remained the single largest variety produced in the state in 2005, others were growing in popularity, notably the Cameo[citation needed], Fuji and Gala varieties.[5]
Over the years, many propagable mutations, or sports, have been identified in Red Delicious apple trees. In addition to those that were propagated without any legal protection (or cut out because they were seen as inferior) 42 sports have been patented in the United States:
Date | "Inventor" | Marketed as | Mutated From | Assignee | Habit | Pattern | Earlier | Color | Plant Patent Number |
Apr 3, 1934 | Shotwell | Delicious | standard | less stripe | 2 wk. | 3-4 times | |||
May 18, 1954 | Plough | Royalred1805 | Richared | C&O | standard | blush | 10 d. | lighter | |
Aug 23, 1955 | Brauns | Red King1811 | Starking | Van Well | standard | stripe | 2 wk. | more complete | |
Feb 12, 1957 | Bisbee | Starkrimson | Starking | Stark | spur | blush | "earlier" | similar | |
Feb 3, 1959 | Frazier & Jenkins | Starking | Elon J. Gilbert | standard | blush | 10 d. | brighter | ||
Feb 17, 1959 | Hamilton | Hamilton | Hamilton | standard | blush | 2 wk. | darker | ||
Mar 24, 1959 | Gilbert | Redspur | Starking | C&O | spur | blush | later | brighter | |
Feb 23, 1960 | Hutchinson | Top Red3556 | Shotwell | C&O | standard | striped | 2-3 wk. | darker | |
Apr 5, 1960 | Wood | Woods, Starkspur2606 | Starking | Stark | spur | striped | 1 wk. | deeper | |
Sep 24, 1963 | Gould | Red Delicious | Miller&Miller | standard | blush | "early" | more intense | ||
Aug 11, 1964 | Gilbert Miller | Sturdyspur | Starking | Cons. Orch. Co | spur | blush | "early" | dark | |
Aug 25, 1964 | Frank Rypczynski | "Frank", Super Starking5569 | Starking | Stark | standard | subdued stripes | 30 d. | fuller | |
Mar 15, 1966 | Cooper | Starkrimson or Welspur | spur | stripe | 10-14d. | more intense | |||
June 4, 1968 | Trumbull | Oregon Spur4819 | Red King | Van Well | spur | stripe | 2 wk. | darker | |
Dec 23, 1969 | Diede | Starking | Stark | standard | more intense | ||||
Feb 2, 1971 | Matson | Stark Earlibrite5547 | Ryan Red | Stark | standard | blush | 1 month | bright | |
Mar 2, 1971 | Maxam | Starking | standard | blush | deeper | ||||
Apr 13, 1971 | Norton | Vance | spur | 2-3 wk. | brilliant | ||||
Feb 19, 1974 | Coke | Rose Red | Starking | Rose | spur | blush | from start | dark | |
May 7, 1974 | Pagnelli | Starking | Stark | spur | blush | brighter | |||
May 28, 1974 | Ward | Early Red One4839 | Brauns | Van Well | standard | stripe | 4 wk. | darker blackish-purple | |
May 28, 1974 | Flanagan | Starking | Stark | spur | stripe | before Topred | brighter, lighter | ||
June 11, 1974 | Slusarenko | unknown | Stark | standard | stripe | 4 d. before #2440 | red | ||
June 25, 1974 | Campbell | Red Chief3578 | Starkrimson | Hilltop | spur | stripe | "earlier" | deeper, brighter | |
Nov. 29, 1977 | Silvers | Silverspur | Hi Early | McCormick | spur | stripe | 2 wk. before Hi Early | bright | |
Jan 30, 1979 | Craig | Oregon Spur | spur | stripe | 2 wk. | darker, heavier | |||
Aug 12, 1980 | Perleberg | Ace | Starkrimson or Oregon Red | spur | stripe | 18 d. | bright but deep | ||
Jan 19, 1982 | Garretson | Starking | Carlton | <spur / dwarf | blush | bright | |||
Feb 2, 1982 | Green | Oregon Spur II6190 | Oregon Spur | Wells & Wade | spur | stripe | 10 d. | dark | |
Apr 20, 1982 | Evans et al. | Scarlet Spur6190 | Oregon Spur | Van Well | spur | blush | 2 wk. | red stem | |
Nov 9, 1982 | Coke&Smith | Super Clone4926M | Starking | McCormick, Bountiful Ridge | spur, dwarfing | stripe | no change, late bloom | light | |
Nov 13, 1984 | Kemp | Top Spur5334 | Starkrimson | C&O | spur | stripe | 5-7 d. | deeper, brighter | |
Mar 26, 1985 | Hanners | Eve's Delight | Spokane Beauty | stripe | light | ||||
May 21, 1985 | Jenkins | Jenred,5472 Starkspur,5472 Ultrastripe5472 | Oregon Spur | Stark | spur | stripe | 15 d. | more consistent | |
Sep 3, 1985 | Hare | Hared,5547 Dixiered,5547 Starkspur5547 | Oregon Spur | Stark | spur | blush | 15-20 d. | dark | |
Oct 8, 1985 | Gonzalez | Rico7237 | Sharp Red | Merleley & al. | standard | stripe | 20 d. | ||
May 31, 1988 | Sandidge | Super Chief | Red Chief | spur | stripe | 18 d. | red stem | ||
Mar 28, 1989 | Valle | Vallee Spur6702 | Red Chief | spur | blush | 2 wk. | dark red with bloom | ||
May 29, 1990 | Sali | Sali7237 | Redspur | semi-spur | blush | "earliest" | purple tinge | ||
Aug 4, 1992 | Winkel | AW-164,7928 | Redchief | Inter-Plant Patent Marketing | spur | blush | 5-10 d. | brighter | |
Mar 23, 1999 | Deutscher | Cumberland Spur10,832 | Oregon Spur | spur | blush | 10-14 d. | complete | ||
May 4, 2004 | Burchinal | Adams Apple, Burchinal Red Delicious14,757 | Oregon Spur II | Microsoft | spur | blush | immediately | more uniform, deeper, purple, bloom |
Well-known but unpatented sports include:
In 1977, the application for #4159 noted the "starchy and bland taste of some of the newer varieties."
The plant patent for #4926 promoted the sport as a dwarfing interstock, a dwarfing rootstock for pears, or to produce "crab apple" sized Delicious apples.
He doesn't believe in anything
It's not given to him to believe
He never sleeps if he can help it
He doesn't waste time on such things
I saw his face and I lay awake
Waiting for him to see me
I followed him home and into his bed
And that's as close as I'll ever be
I do not have the key to get into his heart
It's shut away where I can't find it and I've torn this
place apart
I want you to want me, but do you want me?
I want you to love me, but you can't love me
When we're in the dark, our bodies speak
And he tells me everything he knows
But after a while, he goes away
I don't know where he goes
He never looks back, he won't get attached
It's at my own risk if I do
There must be a way to get him to stay
I only wish that I knew
He never led me to believe that he could care
Maybe I'm just looking for something that isn't even
there
I want you to want me, but do you want me?
I want you to love me, but you can't love me
You were the one for the moment, the night
You were on, you were strong, you were heat, you were
heavy
And now you are wrong, you are bringing me down
You are gone, you are not the one
You are not the one
I want you to want me, but do you want me?