Douma

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For other uses, see Duma (disambiguation).
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A Duma (Russian: Ду́ма, Russian pronunciation: [ˈdumə]) is any of various representative assemblies in modern Russia and Russian history. The State Duma in the Russian Empire and Russian Federation corresponds to the lower house of the parliament. Simply it is a form of Russian governmental institution, that was formed during the reign of the last Tsar, Nicholas II. It is also the term for a council to early Russian rulers (Boyar Duma), as well as for city councils in Imperial Russia ('Municipal dumas'), and city and regional legislative bodies in the Russian Federation.

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In early Russian history [link]

The term comes from the Russian word думать (dumat’) meaning "to think" or "to consider", cognate with the English words "doom" and "deem" which connote a judgment or decision (usually negative). The Boyar Duma was an advisory council to the grand princes and czar of Russia. The Duma was discontinued by Peter the Great, who transferred its functions to the Governing Senate in 1721.

Municipal dumas [link]

File:Mosdumaold.jpg
Moscow City Duma.

Since the year 1 the municipalities in European, Russia have had institutions like those of the zemstvos. All owners of houses, tax-paying merchants and workmen are enrolled on lists in a descending order according to their assessed wealth. The total valuation is then divided into three equal parts, representing three groups of electors very unequal in number, each of which elects an equal number of delegates to the municipal duma. The executive is in the hands of an elective mayor and an uprava, which consists of several members elected by the duma. Under Alexander III, however, by laws promulgated in 1892 and 1894, the municipal dumas were subordinated to the governors in the same way as the zemstvos. In 1894 municipal institutions, with still more restricted powers, were granted to several towns in Siberia, and in 1895 to some in Caucasia.

State Duma in Imperial Russia [link]

Main article: State Duma of the Russian Empire

Under the pressure of the Russian Revolution of 1905, on August 6, 1905, Sergei Witte issued a manifesto about the convocation of the Duma, initially thought to be an advisory organ. In the subsequent October Manifesto, Nicholas II pledged to introduce basic civil liberties, provide for broad participation in the State Duma, and endow the Duma with legislative and oversight powers.

However, Nicholas II was determined to retain his autocratic power. Just before the creation of the Duma in May 1906, the Tsar issued the Fundamental Laws. It stated in part that Tsar's ministers could not be appointed by, and were not responsible to, the Duma, thus denying responsible government at the executive level. Furthermore, the Tsar had the power to dismiss the Duma and announce new elections whenever he wished.

The imperial State Duma was elected four times: in 1906, twice in 1907, and in 1912.

State Duma in the Russian Federation [link]

Main article: State Duma

The State Duma (Russian: Государственная дума, Gosudarstvennaya Duma, common abbreviation: Госдума, Gosduma) in Russia is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (parliament), the upper house being the Federation Council of Russia. Under Russia's 1993 constitution, there are 450 deputies of the State Duma (Article 95), each elected to a term of four years (Article 96); this was changed to a five-year term in late 2008. In previous elections of 1993, 1995, 1999 and 2003 one half of the deputies were elected by a system of proportional representation and one half were elected by plurality in single member districts. However, the 2007 Duma elections were carried out in a new format: all 450 deputies were elected by a system of proportional representation. Russian citizens at least 21 years old are eligible to run for the Duma (Article 97).

See also [link]

References [link]

Coordinates: 55°45′29″N 37°36′55″E / 55.75806°N 37.61528°E / 55.75806; 37.61528


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Douma, Syria

Douma (Arabic: دوما‎ Dūmā) is a city in Syria. Its centre is about 10 km (6 mi) north-east of the centre of Damascus. Being the centre of Rif Dimashq governorate (which completely surrounds the Damascus Governorate), the town is also the administrative centre of Douma District.

During the Syrian Civil War, Douma has been a major flashpoint and had witnessed numerous demonstrations against the Syrian government and armed clashes against the Syrian Army and Security forces during the early stages of the conflict.

On 30 January 2012, the Syrian Army gained control over the city after the Battle of Douma, a major operation against the opposition armed groups in Rif Dimashq Governorate.

On 29 June 2012, Syrian Army is accused of committing a massacre in Douma, where more than 50 people where killed.

As of 18 October 2012, the Free Syrian Army was in control of most of the suburb. Fighting and bombardments continue in the town.

In the 2015 Douma market massacre, the city was attacked by Syrian Army ground-to-ground missiles, leaving at least 50 dead and several more missing.

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Duma (2011 film)

Duma (dolls in Arabic) is a ground-breaking and controversial documentary about the abuse of women in Arab and Palestinian society. Made by Palestinian female director Abeer Zeibak Haddad, it sheds light on sexual abuse of women in Arab society. "Duma is an extremely powerful documentary. Brutally realistic; revealingly provocative, and exceedingly enthralling." (Dr. Eylem Atakav, Huffington Post).

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Synopsis

Zeibak Haddad, the creator of a puppet theater show that deals with sexual abuse during childhood, decides to take her camera and journey from the north to the south of the country, after no-one comes to the theater show because of the difficulty that the subject imposes. This journey results in her documenting Arab women who have experienced sexual violence and hearing their stories. Five protagonists dare to reveal the sexual abuse they endured in their close circle of family and friends. They all look for a way to express and to break the systems of silence which were imposed on them by family and society; their goal is to be heard, whether in privacy or out in the open. Their ambition is to turn the tables and lead abused women away from the circle of silence, shame and asphyxia, and towards self acceptance and the realization that they are allowed to continue to live.

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Time Waits

by: Gloria Estefan

Time gave me a window to be here
Time made me some space
Allowed me
Entry
Blink, children have grown
They're on their own
Years, swift as a day
Before you know go blazing away
I'll live like forever is now
Because time waits for no one
And tomorrow just may not come 'round
Because time waits for no one
When we're gone
Only love goes on
Time, it's seamless illusion seduced me
Time, to show me the ropes
Enticed me
To waste it
But truth is much better seen
Within our dreams
Life's infinite thread
Unraveling then starting again
I'll live like forever is now
Because time waits for no one
And tomorrow just may not come 'round
Because time waits for no one
When we're gone
Only love goes on
Time waits for no one, it all seems to happen so fast
(Time won't wait, oh no)
No end, no beginning
I'll live like each moment's the last
(Time won't wait, oh no)
Just when it's over, the journey has merely begun
(Time won't wait, oh no)
No you, no me, in the end there is only the one




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