Ultramarine

Ultramarine is a deep blue color and a pigment which was originally made by grinding lapis lazuli into a powder. The name comes from the Latin ultramarinus, literally "beyond the sea", because the pigment was imported into Europe from mines in Afghanistan by Italian traders during the 14th and 15th centuries.

Ultramarine was the finest and most expensive blue used by Renaissance painters. It was often used for the robes of the Virgin Mary, and symbolized holiness and humility. It remained an extremely expensive pigment until a synthetic ultramarine was invented in 1826.

Chemistry

The pigment consists primarily of a zeolite-based mineral containing small amounts of polysulfides. It occurs in nature as a proximate component of lapis lazuli containing a blue cubic mineral called lazurite. The pigment color code is P. Blue 29 77007. The major component of lazurite is a complex sulfur-containing sodium-silicate (Na_8-10Al₆Si₆O₂₄S_2-4) which makes ultramarine the most complex of all mineral pigments. Some chloride is often present in the crystal lattice as well. The blue color of the pigment is due to the S−
3 radical anion, which contains an unpaired electron.

Ultramarine (band)

Ultramarine are an English electronic music duo, formed in 1989 by Ian Cooper and Paul Hammond.

Biography

Cooper and Hammond first worked together in the band A Primary Industry during the mid-1980s. Following the split of that band, they formed Ultramarine and released their debut album Folk in April 1990 on seminal Belgian label Les Disques du Crépuscule. The duo's second long player, Every Man and Woman is a Star (initially released in 1991 by Brainiak Records and reissued as an expanded version by Rough Trade in 1992), found critical acclaim and was neatly described by music writer Simon Reynolds in his book Energy Flash as:

Perhaps the first and best stab at that seeming contradiction-in-terms, pastoral techno... all sun-ripened, meandering lassitude and undulant dub-sway tempos... like acid-house suffused with the folky-jazzy ambience of the Canterbury scene.

Live appearances during this period included a US tour in 1992 with Meat Beat Manifesto and Orbital and US and European tours in 1993 supporting Björk. The group's collaborative work has included a songwriting & recording partnership with Robert Wyatt, recordings with Kevin Ayers and David McAlmont plus numerous live and studio sessions with members of the London jazz scene, including Lol Coxhill, Iain Ballamy, Elton Dean, Dave Green, Roger Beaujolais, Greg Heath and Jimmy Hastings.

Ultramarine (album)

Ultramarine is the fourth studio album by Young Galaxy, released in April 2013. As with their previous album, it was produced by Dan Lissvik and was released on Paper Bag Records.

The album was named a longlisted nominee for the 2013 Polaris Music Prize on June 13, 2013 and named to the short list on July 16, 2013.

Tracklist

References

Dugout

Dugout may refer to:

Sports

Music

Cricket pavilion

A cricket pavilion is a pavilion at a cricket ground. It is the main building within which the players usually change in dressing rooms and which is the main location for watching the cricket match for members and others. Pavilions can vary from modest and purely practical buildings at small venues to large and imposing edifices at some of the historic grounds where Test cricket is played.

Historic pavilions

The pavilions at Lord's Cricket Ground and The Oval are typical of the Victorian architectural style often seen at most famous English grounds. The cricket pavilion in the University Parks at Oxford was designed by the leading Victorian architect Sir Thomas Graham Jackson. Other famous historical pavilions are Old Trafford and the Members Pavilion at the Sydney Cricket Ground. Entry is only enabled for members. Their seats are reserved by a member or player. A non-member is not entitled to enter the Members Pavilion due to the security present.

The pavilion at Lord's Cricket Ground, London.

Technical area

A technical area in association football is an area which a manager, other coaching personnel, and substitutes are allowed to occupy during a match.

The technical area includes the dugout, bench and a marked zone adjacent to the pitch.

History

The first football stadium to feature a dugout was Pittodrie Stadium, home of Aberdeen FC, where dugouts were introduced by trainer Donald Colman in the 1920s. He wanted a place to take notes and observe his players without sacrificing the shelter provided by a grandstand.

The defined space of the technical area was established in the notes section of the Laws of the Game by FIFA in 1993.

Operation

The technical area is marked by a white line, varying in size but always "1m (1yd) on either side of the designated seated area and extend[ing] forward up to a distance of 1m (1yd) from the touch line," according to the Laws of the Game.

Managers may not cross the line during play, which restricts them from approaching the pitch. In 1999, FIFA put the fourth official in charge of enforcing this rule, although substitutes may warm up along the side of the pitch.