Substance dependence

Substance dependence also known as drug dependence is an adaptive state that develops from repeated drug administration, and which results in withdrawal upon cessation of drug use. A drug addiction, a distinct concept from substance dependence, is defined as compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. An addictive drug is a drug which is both rewarding and reinforcing.ΔFosB, a gene transcription factor, is now known to be a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral addiction and drug addictions, but not dependence.

Within the framework of the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), substance dependence is redefined as a drug addiction, and can be diagnosed without the occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome. It is now described accordingly:

Withdrawal

Withdrawal is the body's reaction to abstaining from a substance upon which a person has developed a dependence syndrome. When dependence has developed, cessation of substance use produces an unpleasant state, which promotes continued drug use through negative reinforcement; i.e., the drug is used to escape or avoid re-entering the associated withdrawal state. The withdrawal state may include physical-somatic symptoms (physical dependence), emotional-motivational symptoms (psychological dependence), or both. Chemical and hormonal imbalances may arise if the substance is not introduced. Psychological stress may also result if the substance is not re-introduced.

Dose

Dose means quantity (in units of energy/mass) in the fields of nutrition, medicine, and toxicology. Dosage is the rate of application of a dose, although in common and imprecise usage, the words are sometimes used synonymously.

Dose can also mean quantity (in units of number/area) in the fields of Surface science and Ion implantation. See the definition of dose in ISO18115-1, term 4.173 (and compare the related definition of fluence in term 4.217 of the same Standard).

Particular uses in this context including:

Dose (album)

Dose is the second studio album by Gov't Mule. Te album was released on February 24, 1998, by Volcano Entertainment. It was produced, recorded and mixed by Michael Barbiero and is a much darker record than Gov't Mule's self-titled debut album. The songs "Thelonius Beck" and "Birth of the Mule" were tributes to jazz musicians Thelonious Monk and Miles Davis, respectively.

Track listing

All songs by Warren Haynes unless otherwise noted.

Personnel

References

Dose (magazine)

Dose is a daily Canadian news website and former daily print magazine. It was a mixture of standalone features and coverage of daily news, sometimes from an irreverent perspective. Each daily issue had a theme, and the top margins of every page usually included trivia items related to the theme.

History

Dose magazine was launched on April 4, 2005, and was distributed in five major Canadian cities: Toronto, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, and Ottawa. Different news articles from the five cities are still featured on the website. The magazine hoped to earn revenue through advertising and selling mobile content (via the website) and was aimed at the lucrative demographic of 18- to 34-year-olds. The website targets this market too.

Dose was published by Noah Godfrey, son of CanWest board of directors member Paul Godfrey. The content team included editor-in-chief, Pema Hegan and creative director, Jaspal Riyait. The magazine was the product of Canwest Mediaworks Publications Inc. (originally the Calgary Herald Group), which was in turn part of the same corporate conglomerate, Canwest, that publishes the National Post, among many other newspapers in Canada, including the Montreal Gazette and the Ottawa Citizen. Canwest also controls the Global Television Network in Canada.