Denim

Denim is a sturdy cotton warp-facedtwill textile in which the weft passes under two or more warp threads. This twill weaving produces the familiar diagonal ribbing of the denim that distinguishes it from cotton duck (a linen canvas).

It is a characteristic of most indigo denim that only the warp threads are dyed, whereas the weft threads remain plain white. As a result of the warp-faced twill weaving, one side of the textile then shows the blue warp threads and the other side shows the white weft threads. This is why blue jeans are white on the inside. The indigo dyeing process, in which the core of the warp threads remains white, creates denim's fading characteristics, which are unique compared to every other textile.

Etymology and origin

The name "denim" derives from French serge de Nîmes, meaning "serge from Nîmes".

Indigo

Indigo is a color that is traditionally regarded as a color on the visible spectrum, as well as one of the seven colors of the rainbow: the color between blue and violet. Although traditionally considered one of seven major spectral colors, sources differ as to its actual position in the electromagnetic spectrum. Indigo is a deep and bright color close to the color wheel blue (a primary color in the RGB color space), as well as to some variants of ultramarine.

The color indigo was named after the indigo dye derived from the plant Indigofera tinctoria and related species.

The first known recorded use of indigo as a color name in English was in 1289.

History

India is believed to be the oldest center of indigo dyeing in the Old World. It was a primary supplier of indigo dye, derived from the plant Indigofera tinctoria, to Europe as early as the Greco-Roman era. The association of India with indigo is reflected in the Greek word for the 'dye', which was indikon (ινδικόν). The Romans used the term indicum, which passed into Italian dialect and eventually into English as the word indigo. El Salvador has lately been the biggest producer of indigo.

Denim (band)

Denim was a British indie rock band, the brainchild of Lawrence (formerly of Felt), and was based in Birmingham, England.

History

Following the end of his former group, 1980s post-punk outfit Felt, Lawrence moved into different territory with Denim, a band whose brash teaming of glam rock with cutting and highly satirical lyrics was very much the opposite of his previous work.

Back in Denim

Denim debuted in 1992 with the album, Back in Denim, a record which was both a revival (particularly with its glam rock influences and its mix of synth and guitar) and critique (in its satirical lyrics) of the 1970s music scene. A single, "Middle Of The Road", was released from the album in January 1993 on Boy's Own Records.

Denim on Ice

Denim followed Back in Denim with the 1996 release of Denim on Ice, which was preceded by a single "It Fell Off The Back Of A Lorry". Following the same musical path as its predecessor, whilst added notable reference to bands such as Devo and Ultravox. Denim on Ice featured even more cutting lyrics with comment on the current state of music in England (The Great Pub Rock Revival, which was a stinging attack on Britpop and the realities of England's social malaise (on the tracks "Glue & Smack" and "Council Houses"). The album earned Denim a support slot with Pulp who were fans of Lawrence and his work.

MPM-10

The MPM-10 (Montréal Pneumatic Material 2010), also known as the Azur, is a fleet of subway trains currently under production by Bombardier Transportation for the Montreal Metro. A test train was delivered in 2014 and they were originally expected to fully replace the aging MR-63 trains by 2018. The first MPM-10 train entered into service on Line 2 on February 7, 2016.

History

In May 2006, the Government of Quebec announced the negotiation of a $1.2 billion contract to replace the MR-63 fleet of 336 cars. Alstom voiced its dismay over directly awarding the contract (to Bombardier) without a bidding process. Negotiations between the STM and Bombardier were ongoing until 2007. The negotiations focused on the project's cost controls, terms of contract, train specifications and warranty. If negotiations had failed, the Quebec government and the STM would have reverted to a bidding process.

On January 10, 2008, Quebec Superior Court Judge Joel Silcoff rendered his decision regarding Alstom's filing of legal action against the Quebec government's Ministry of Transportation. The latter sought to bypass the bidding process, citing that Bombardier was the only domestic candidate capable of fulfilling the eventual contract. Silcoff ruled in favour of Alstom, enabling the company to bid on the contract.

MPM

MPM may refer to:

MPM (psychedelic)

MPM (2,5-dimethoxy-4-propoxyamphetamine) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug and a substituted amphetamine.

MPM was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved), dosage is given as "30 mg or more" and duration "probably short". MPM is of low potency and produced only slight effects at the highest dose reported in PiHKAL of 30 mg, although its effects at higher doses than this have not been reported.

Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of MPM.

See also

External links