Acute stress reaction

Acute stress reaction (also called acute stress disorder, psychological shock, mental shock, or simply shock) is a psychological condition arising in response to a terrifying or traumatic event, or witnessing a traumatic event. It should not be confused with the unrelated circulatory condition of shock, or the concept of shock value.

"Acute stress response" was first described by Walter Cannon in the 1920s as a theory that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system. The response was later recognized as the first stage of a general adaptation syndrome that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms.

Signs and symptoms

Common symptoms that sufferers of acute stress disorder experience are: numbing; emotional detachment; muteness; derealization; depersonalization; psychogenic amnesia; continued re-experiencing of the event via thoughts, dreams, and flashbacks; and avoidance of any stimulation that reminds them of the event. During this time, they must have symptoms of anxiety, and significant impairment in at least one essential area of functioning. Symptoms last for a minimum of 2 days, and a maximum of 4 weeks, and occur within 4 weeks of the event.

CSI: Miami (season 4)

The fourth season of CSI: Miami premiered on CBS on September 19, 2005 and ended May 22, 2006. The series stars David Caruso and Emily Procter.

Description

With a mole in their midst, Horatio and Calleigh head a team of elite Crime Scene Investigators as they enter their most challenging season yet. Under the roof of a state-of-the-art redesigned crime lab, the dynamic duo investigate a series of crimes including a night-club murder, the death of a pool boy, a cold case rape, and a murder with a double-jeopardy clause, all whilst under the scrutiny of an anonymous mole, and facing a series of cases that threaten the team. With Alexx accused of murdering a child molester, Horatio accused of murdering an innocent woman, Wolfe facing the loss of his eye, and Mac Taylor joining the team when a prisoner transfer goes awry, it's ultimately Delko that faces the greatest loss, when his sister is gunned down by the Mala Noche gang in an attack that will begin a narrative that will recur throughout the next several seasons.

Pi

The number π is a mathematical constant, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, commonly approximated as 3.14159. It has been represented by the Greek letter "π" since the mid-18th century, though it is also sometimes spelled out as "pi" (/paɪ/).

Being an irrational number, π cannot be expressed exactly as a fraction (equivalently, its decimal representation never ends and never settles into a permanent repeating pattern). Still, fractions such as 22/7 and other rational numbers are commonly used to approximate π. The digits appear to be randomly distributed; however, to date, no proof of this has been discovered. Also, π is a transcendental number – a number that is not the root of any non-zero polynomial having rational coefficients. This transcendence of π implies that it is impossible to solve the ancient challenge of squaring the circle with a compass and straightedge.

Ancient civilizations needed the value of π to be computed accurately for practical reasons. It was calculated to seven digits, using geometrical techniques, in Chinese mathematics and to about five in Indian mathematics in the 5th century CE. The historically first exact formula for π, based on infinite series, was not available until a millennium later, when in the 14th century the Madhava–Leibniz series was discovered in Indian mathematics. In the 20th and 21st centuries, mathematicians and computer scientists discovered new approaches that, when combined with increasing computational power, extended the decimal representation of π to, as of 2015, over 13.3 trillion (10¹³) digits. Practically all scientific applications require no more than a few hundred digits of π, and many substantially fewer, so the primary motivation for these computations is the human desire to break records. However, the extensive calculations involved have been used to test supercomputers and high-precision multiplication algorithms.

List of Entourage episodes

Entourage is an American comedy-drama television series created for HBO by Doug Ellin, who also serves as an executive producer along with Mark Wahlberg, Stephen Levinson, Dennis Biggs, Rob Weiss and Ally Musika. The series, loosely based on Wahlberg's own experiences of the film industry, follows Vincent Chase (Adrian Grenier), a New York born actor living in Los Angeles as he struggles with the ups and downs of a career in Hollywood. He is aided, and often hindered, by his entourage, which consists of his half-brother and struggling actor Johnny "Drama" Chase (Kevin Dillon), his childhood friend and manager Eric "E" Murphy (Kevin Connolly), his ruthless agent Ari Gold (Jeremy Piven) and his other long-time friend Turtle (Jerry Ferrara). Entourage premiered on HBO on July 18, 2004 and aired its final episode on September 11, 2011. A total of 96 episodes were aired over eight seasons.

Series overview

Episodes

Season 1 (2004)

Season 2 (2005)

Season 3 (2006–07)

Indian pie

A pie (abbreviated as Ps) was a unit of currency in India, Burma and Pakistan until 1947. It was the smallest currency unit, equal to 1/3rd of a paisa, 1/12th of an anna or 1/192nd of a rupee. During the mid-nineteenth century, one pie was worth 12 cowry.

Minting of the pie ended in 1942, though it remained in circulation for a further five years. The pie was demonetised in 1947 as it had become practically worthless due to inflation.

Notes