Credo

A credo (pronounced [ˈkɾeːdoː], Latin for "I Believe") is a statement of religious belief, such as the Apostles' Creed. The term especially refers to the use of the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed (or less often, the Apostles' Creed) in the Mass, either as spoken text, or sung as Gregorian chant or other musical settings of the Mass.

History

After the formulation of the Nicene Creed, its initial liturgical use was in baptism, which explains why the text uses the singular "I ...." instead of "we...." The text was gradually incorporated into the liturgies, first in the east and in Spain, and gradually into the north, from the sixth to the ninth century. In 1014 it was accepted by the Church of Rome as a legitimate part of the service. It is recited in the Western Mass directly after the Homily on all Sundays and Solemnities; in modern celebrations of the Tridentine Mass as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite, the Credo is recited on all Sundays, feasts of the I class, II class feasts of the Lord and of the Blessed Virgin, on the days within the octaves of Christmas, Easter, and Pentecost, and on the "birthday" feasts of the apostles and evangelists (including the feast of St. Peter's Chair and St. Barnabas). It is recited in the Eastern Liturgy following the Litany of Supplication on all occasions.

Credo (MacMillan)

The Credo is a composition for choir and orchestra set to the text of the Nicene Creed by the Scottish composer James MacMillan. It was first performed August 7, 2012 at The Proms in Royal Albert Hall, London, by the BBC Philharmonic, the Manchester Chamber Choir, the Northern Sinfonia Chorus, and the Rushley Singers under the conductor Juanjo Mena.

Composition

The Credo has a duration of roughly 20 minutes and is composed in three movements:

Instrumentation

The work is scored for an SATB choir and orchestra comprising two flutes, oboe, cor anglais, two clarinets, two bassoons (2nd doubling contrabassoon), two horns, two trumpets, timpani, and strings.

Reception

Reviewing the world premiere, George Hall of The Guardian praised the Credo, writing:

Conversely, Ivan Hewett of The Daily Telegraph criticized MacMillan's mix of traditional and contemporary tonalities, remarking, "Sometimes this worked well, as in the Crucifixus section, where two high violas entwined beautifully round the voices. But at length the sheer profusion of styles became bewildering. We heard Messiaen-like bird twitterings, folk-like decorative swirls. There were minatory brass outcries when the text spoke of judgment, and certain phrases were shouted three times." He continued, "This was presumably a Trinitarian reference, but in musical terms it just felt hectoring. As often happens in MacMillan's religious music, the green shoots of musical invention were crushed by the heavy-handed symbolism.

Credo (disambiguation)

A credo is a statement of belief, especially of a religious nature. Often it refers to the Nicene Creed or Apostles' Creed in particular.

Credo may also refer to:

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Forest

A forest is a large area of land covered with trees or other woody vegetation. Hundreds of more precise definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing and ecological function. According to the widely used United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization definition, forests covered an area of four billion hectares (15 million square miles) or approximately 30 percent of the world's land area in 2006.

Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystem of Earth, and are distributed across the globe. Forests account for 75% of the gross primary productivity of the Earth's biosphere, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass.

Forests at different latitudes form distinctly different ecozones: boreal forests near the poles tend to consist of evergreens, while tropical forests near the equator tend to be distinct from the temperate forests at mid-latitude. The amount of precipitation and the elevation of the forest also affects forest composition.

Forest (disambiguation)

A forest is a large area covered by trees. Forest may also refer to:

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Music

Forest (EP)

Forest is an EP by Seirom, independently released on December 25, 2011.

Track listing

All music composed by Maurice de Jong.

Personnel

Adapted from the Forest liner notes.

Release history

References

External links