Atlas

An atlas is a collection of maps; it is typically a map of Earth or a region of Earth, but there are atlases of the other planets (and their satellites) in the Solar System. Furthermore, atlases of anatomy exist, mapping out the human body or other organisms. Atlases have traditionally been bound into book form, but today many atlases are in multimedia formats. In addition to presenting geographic features and political boundaries, many atlases often feature geopolitical, social, religious and economic statistics. They also have information about the map and places in it.

Etymology

The word atlas dates from 1636, first in reference to the English translation of Atlas, sive cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica mundi (1585) by Flemish geographer Gerhardus Mercator, who might have been the first to use this word in this way. A picture of the Titan Atlas holding up the world appeared on the frontispiece of this and other early map collections.

History

The first work that contained systematically arranged woodcut maps of uniform size, intended to be published in a book, thus representing the first modern atlas, was De Summa totius Orbis (1524–26) by the 16th-century Italian cartographer Pietro Coppo. Nonetheless, this distinction is conventionally awarded to the Flemish cartographer Abraham Ortelius who in 1570 published the collection of maps Theatrum Orbis Terrarum.

Atlas (computer)

The Atlas Computer was a joint development between the University of Manchester, Ferranti, and Plessey. The first Atlas, installed at Manchester University and officially commissioned in 1962, was one of the world's first supercomputers, considered to be the most powerful computer in the world at that time. It was said that whenever Atlas went offline half of the United Kingdom's computer capacity was lost. It was a second-generation machine, using discrete germanium transistors. Two other Atlas machines were built: one for British Petroleum and the University of London, and one for the Atlas Computer Laboratory at Chilton near Oxford.

A derivative system was built by Ferranti for Cambridge University. Called the Titan, or Atlas 2, it had a different memory organisation and ran a time-sharing operating system developed by Cambridge University Computer Laboratory. Two further Atlas 2s were delivered: one to the CAD Centre in Cambridge (later called CADCentre, then AVEVA), and the other to the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment (AWRE), Aldermaston.

Atlas (topology)

In mathematics, particularly topology, one describes a manifold using an atlas. An atlas consists of individual charts that, roughly speaking, describe individual regions of the manifold. If the manifold is the surface of the Earth, then an atlas has its more common meaning. In general, the notion of atlas underlies the formal definition of a manifold and related structures such as vector bundles and other fibre bundles.

Charts

The definition of an atlas depends on the notion of a chart. A chart for a topological space M (also called a coordinate chart, coordinate patch, coordinate map, or local frame) is a homeomorphism from an open subset U of M to an open subset of Euclidean space. The chart is traditionally recorded as the ordered pair .

Formal definition of atlas

An atlas for a topological space M is a collection of charts on M such that . If the codomain of each chart is the n-dimensional Euclidean space and the atlas is connected, then M is said to be an n-dimensional manifold.

Crawl (Childish Gambino song)

"Crawl" is a song by American hip hop recording artist Childish Gambino and features additional vocals from Kai and background vocals from Mystikal from his second studio album Because the Internet. The song was released on February 7, 2014 as the second official single from the album. It was produced by production duo Christian Rich and Gambino himself. The song has since peaked at number 86 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Background and composition

On November 22, 2013, Childish Gambino premiered "Crawl" during a performance at College Station, Texas. "Crawl" is an experimental song produced by production duo Christian Rich and Childish Gambino. "Crawl" opens with slasher flick samples. The song has an energetic vibe, featuring a mellow interval with backing vocals from Kai and Mystikal, along with some "Kanye-esque strings." In his verses, Gambino raps referential punchlines inspired by internet memes such as; "ain’t nobody got time for that, ain’t nobody gotta rhyme with that," and "hashtag, niggas be like."

Crawl (Laughing Hyenas EP)

Crawl is an EP by American noise rock band Laughing Hyenas, released on October 19, 1992 by Touch and Go Records.

Recording

After original members Kevin Strickland and Jim Kimball departed from the band to form Mule, they were replaced by Kevin Ries, a fan from Cleveland, and Todd Swalla, former drummer of Necros.

Reception

Mark Deming of allmusic awarded the EP with four and a half stars, although he criticized the album in showing the band "in the midst of a rebuilding year" and that "they weren't playing badly, but it would be a little while before the new lineup was fully up to speed".

Track listing

All songs written and composed by Laughing Hyenas. 

Personnel

Adapted from the Crawl liner notes.

Release history

References

External links