ND

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Nīþ

In historical Germanic society, nīþ (Old Norse: níð; Old English: nīþ, nīð; Old Dutch: nīth); was a term for a social stigma implying the loss of honour and the status of a villain. A person affected with the stigma is a nīðing (Old Norse: níðingr, Old English: nīðing, nīðgæst, or Old High German: nidding), one lower (cf. modern English beneath, modern Dutch beneed/beneden, modern German nieder and modern Danish nedre) than those around him. Middle English retained a cognate nithe, meaning "envy" (cf. modern Dutch nijd and modern German neid/neidvoll), "hate", or "malice."

A related term is ergi, carrying the connotation of "unmanliness".

Níð, argr, ragr and ergi

Ergi and argr or ragr can be regarded as specifying swearwords. Ergi, argr and ragr were the severe insults made by calling someone a coward, and due to its severity old Scandinavian laws demanded retribution for this accusation if it had turned out unjustified. The Icelandic Gray Goose Laws referred to three words that were regarded as equal to argr by themselves. Those were ragr, strodinn, and sordinn, all three meaning the passive role of a man included in same-sex activities among males. Another semantic belonging to argr, ragr and ergi was, from the Gray Goose, "being a sorcerer's friend."

The Norfolk & Dedham Group

The N&D Group is a group of mutual insurance companies based in Dedham, Massachusetts. The group comprises three regional property and casualty insurance companies which market personal and commercial insurance product lines through independent insurance agents. The group conducts business in New England, New Jersey, and Arkansas, and writes about a third of a billion dollars in annual insurance premium. Originally founded as The Norfolk Mutual Fire Insurance Company in 1825, the group is one of the oldest mutual insurance companies in the United States.

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