Constitutional Court of Moldova

The Constitutional Court of Moldova represent the sole body of constitutional jurisdiction in the Republic of Moldova, autonomous and independent from the executive, the legislature and the judiciary.

The task of the Constitutional Court is to guarantee the supremacy of the Constitution, to ensure the principle of separation of State powers into the legislative, executive and judicial branches, to guarantee the observance of the State's responsibility towards the citizen and the citizen's responsibility towards the State.

Upon request, the Constitutional Court interprets the Constitution and undertakes the review of constitutionality of the Parliament's laws and decisions, the decrees of the President and the acts of the Government.

The court's existence was provided for by the Constitution, adopted in July 1994. It was created in February 1995.

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Constitutional court

A constitutional court is a high court that deals primarily with constitutional law. Its main authority is to rule on whether laws that are challenged are in fact unconstitutional, i.e., whether they conflict with constitutionally established rights and freedoms.

The list in this article is of countries that have a separate constitutional court. Many countries do not have separate constitutional courts, but instead delegate constitutional judicial authority to their supreme court. Nonetheless, such courts are sometimes also called "constitutional courts"; for example, some have called the Supreme Court of the United States "the world's oldest constitutional court" because it was the first court in the world to invalidate a law as unconstitutional (Marbury v. Madison), even though it is not a separate constitutional court.

The First Austrian Republic, in 1919, established the first dedicated Constitutional Court, which however existed in name only until 10 October 1920, when the country's new constitution came into effect, upon which the court gained the power to review the laws of Austria's federal states. The Czechoslovakian Constitution of 1920, which came into effect on 2 February 1920, was the first to provide for a dedicated court for judicial review of parliamentary laws, but the court did not convene until November 1921. Before that, only the United States, Canada and Australia had adopted the concept of judicial review by their supreme courts following shared principles of their similar common law legal systems, which they, in turn, had inherited from British legal practice. (The United Kingdom itself does not have a codified constitution to be reviewed by such a court.)

Constitutional Court of South Africa

The Constitutional Court of South Africa is a supreme constitutional court established by the Constitution of South Africa. It was originally the final appellate court for constitutional matters. Since the enactment of the Superior Courts Act in 2013, the Constitutional Court has jurisdiction to hear any matter if it is in the interests of justice for it to do so.

The court was first established by the Interim Constitution of 1993, and its first session began in February 1995. It has continued in existence under the Constitution of 1996. The court sits in the city of Johannesburg; since February 2004 it has occupied a purpose-built complex on Constitution Hill.

The Constitutional Court consists of eleven judges who are appointed by the President of South Africa from a list drawn up by the Judicial Service Commission. The judges serve for a term of twelve years. The court is headed by the Chief Justice of South Africa and the Deputy Chief Justice. The duty of the judges is to uphold the law and the constitution, which they must apply impartially and without fear, favour or prejudice.

Constitutional Court of Slovenia

The Constitutional Court of Slovenia (in Slovene: Ustavno sodišče Republike Slovenije, US RS) is a special court established by the Slovenian Constitution. Since its inception, the Court has been located in the city of Ljubljana.

Jurisdiction

Most powers of the Constitutional Court are explicitly determined by the Constitution. In accordance with the Constitution, the Constitutional Court decides in particular on the conformity of laws (and other statutory instruments) with the Constitution (and with laws, respectively), on constitutional complaints of violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms by individual acts, on jurisdictional disputes between various state actors, on the unconstitutionality of the acts and activities of political parties, on appeals against a decision of the National Assembly regarding the confirmation of the election of deputies, on the accountability of the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister, and ministers, as well as on the conformity of a treaty with the Constitution in the process of ratifying the treaty.

Western Moldavia

Moldavia (Romanian: Moldova) is a geographical region situated in north-east of Romania. Also is called Western Moldavia or Romanian Moldavia. As a historical region, and former principality until its union with Wallachia in 1859, Moldavia included at various times in its history the regions of Bessarabia (with the Budjak) and the entire Bukovina; the larger part of the former is nowadays the independent state of Moldova, while the rest of it and the larger, northern part of Bukovina form parts of Ukraine.

The Romanian region itself consists of eight (or seven, sometimes Suceava County - most of it in southern Bukovina - is not included) counties, spanning over 46,173 km² (17,827 sq mi) (19.5% of Romania's territory). Its total population is 4,011,640 (20% of Romania's population). Most of Moldavia (6 out of 8 counties) is part of the Nord-Est development region, while the two southern counties (Galaţi and Vrancea) are in the Sud-Est development region.

Moldavian dialect

Moldavia

Moldavia (Romanian: Moldova pronounced [molˈdova]) is a historical region, and former principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester river. An initially independent and later autonomous state, it existed from the 14th century to 1859, when it united with Wallachia as the basis of the modern Romanian state; at various times, the state included the regions of Bessarabia (with the Budjak) and all of Bukovina. The western half of Moldavia is now part of Romania, the eastern side belongs to the Republic of Moldova, while the northern and southeastern parts are territories of Ukraine.

Name and etymology

The original and short-lived reference to the region was Bogdania, after Bogdan I, the founding figure of the principality. The names Moldavia and Moldova are derived from the name of the Moldova River; however, the etymology is not known and there are several variants:

Moldova River

The Moldova River is a river in Romania, in the historical region of Moldavia. The river rises from the Obcina Feredeu Mountains of Bukovina in Suceava County and joins the Siret River near the city of Roman in Neamț County.

The river gave its name to the Principality of Moldavia, whose first capital, Târgul Moldovei (now Baia), is on the Moldova River. The origin of the name of the river is disputed (see Etymology of Moldova).

Towns and villages

The following towns and villages are situated along the river Moldova, from source to mouth: Câmpulung Moldovenesc, Gura Humorului, Baia, Roman.

Tributaries

The following rivers are tributaries to the river Moldova:

Left: Sulița, Benia, Breaza, Pârâul Negrei, Plai, Moroșani, Pârâul Cailor, Timoi, Sadova, Deia, Lala, Moldovița, Dobra, Beltag, Tocila, Humor, Bucovăț, Halia, Lețcani, Cristești, Boura, Pietroaia, Ciurlac

Right: Lucina, Lucava, Tătarcu, Răchitiș, Botuș, Orata, Delnița, Ciumuca, Colacu, Arseneasca, Putna, Colbu, Prașca, Valea Seacă, Izvorul Alb, Izvorul Malului, Valea Caselor, Șandru, Sălătruc, Suha, Voroneț, Isachea, Suha Mică, Suha Mare, Bogata, Râșca, BrusturiSărata, Neamț, Topolița, Umbrari, Valea Albă, Valea Mare