Radiation

In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium. This includes:

Radiation is often categorized as either ionizing or non-ionizing depending on the energy of the radiated particles. Ionizing radiation carries more than 10 eV, which is enough to ionize atoms and molecules, and break chemical bonds. This is an important distinction due to the large difference in harmfulness to living organisms. A common source of ionizing radiation is radioactive materials that emit α, β, or γ radiation, consisting of helium nuclei, electrons or positrons, and photons, respectively. Other sources include X-rays from medical radiography examinations and muons, mesons, positrons, neutrons and other particles that constitute the secondary cosmic rays that are produced after primary cosmic rays interact with Earth's atmosphere.

Radiation (disambiguation)

Radiation is a process in which a body emits energy that propagates through a medium, or through empty space, to be absorbed by other bodies. Radiation may also refer to:

Physics

Ionizing radiation

Ionizing (or ionising in British English) radiation is radiation that carries enough energy to free electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them. Ionizing radiation is made up of energetic subatomic particles, ions or atoms moving at high speeds (usually greater than 1% of the speed of light), and electromagnetic waves on the high-energy end of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Gamma rays, X-rays, and the higher ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum are ionizing, whereas the lower ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum, and also the lower part of the spectrum below UV, including visible light (including nearly all types of laser light), infrared, microwaves, and radio waves are all considered non-ionizing radiation. The boundary between ionizing and non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation that occurs in the ultraviolet is not sharply defined, since different molecules and atoms ionize at different energies. Conventional definition places the boundary at a photon energy between 10 eV and 33 eV in the ultraviolet (see definition boundary section below).

Conflict

Conflict may refer to:

Conflict may also refer to:

Film and television

Music

Games

Edit conflict

An edit conflict is a computer problem where multiple editors cannot all edit the same item during a short time period. The problem is encountered on wikis or distributed data systems. An edit conflict occurs when a shared document is being edited by more than one person at the same time, and the attempted changes are treated as incompatible with each other. One person attempts to edit the document, but upon trying to save the new version, another person has already modified the document in the intervening time period, thus causing a difference between the attempted edit and the already-made edit that must be resolved manually, and causing an "edit conflict" error message. According to computer writer Gary B. Shelly, "Many wikis will block the contributor who is attempting to edit the page from being able to do so until the contributor currently editing the page saves changes or remains idle on the page for an extended period of time."

The problem is common when working on heavily edited articles on Wikipedia, such as those about a "current event" or a "person suddenly in the news", or on other "high-traffic pages".

Conflict (process)

Conflict refers to some form of friction, disagreement, or discord arising within a group when the beliefs or actions of one or more members of the group are either resisted by or unacceptable to one or more members of another group. Conflict can arise between members of the same group, known as intragroup conflict, or it can occur between members of two or more groups, and involve violence, interpersonal discord, and psychological tension, known as intergroup conflict. Conflict in groups often follows a specific course. Routine group interaction is first disrupted by an initial conflict, often caused by differences of opinion, disagreements between members, or scarcity of resources. At this point, the group is no longer united, and may split into coalitions. This period of conflict escalation in some cases gives way to a conflict resolution stage, after which the group can eventually return to routine group interaction once again.

Definitions

M. Afzalur Rakhim notes there is no single universally accepted definition of conflict. He notes that one issue of contention is whether the conflict is a situation or a type of behavior.