Orphanage

An orphanage is a residential institution devoted to the care of orphans – children whose biological parents are deceased or otherwise unable or unwilling to care for them. Biological parents, and sometimes biological grandparents, are legally responsible for supporting children, but in the absence of these, no named godparent, or other relatives willing to care for the children, they become a ward of the state, and orphanages are one way of providing for their care, housing and education.

It is frequently used to describe institutions abroad, where it is a more accurate term, since the word orphan has a different definition in international adoption. Although many people presume that most children who live in orphanages are orphans, this is often not the case with four out of five children in orphanages having at least one living parent and most having some extended family. Most orphanages have been closed in Europe and North America. There remain a large number of state funded orphanages in the former Soviet Bloc but many of them are slowly being phased out in favour of direct support to vulnerable families and the development of foster care and adoption services where this is not possible.

Colored Orphan Asylum

The Colored Orphan Asylum was an institution in New York City open from 1836-1946 that housed on average four hundred children annually and was mostly managed by women. Its first location was of fifth Avenue between 42nd and 43rd street which was a four- story building with two wings. The building later became the Hebrew Home for the Aged in Riverdale, the Bronx, New York.

The Colored Orphan Asylum was founded in 1836 by three Quakers; Anna and Hanna Shotwell and Marry Murray it was one of the first of its kind in America to take in black children whose parents had died, or not able to take care of them. In 1846 Dr. James McCune smith, the country's first licensed African American medical doctor became the orphanages medical director. The orphanage moved several times in Manhattan.

1863 riots

In March 1863 Federal draft laws became more strict. All male citizens between the ages of twenty and thirty-five were subjected to the military draft. The Federal government used a lottery system to chose the men that were eligible for the draft. Males did have the opportunity to hire a substitute or pay the government three hundred dollars to avoid enlistment, but most working males couldn't afford substitution. Black males weren't eligible for the draft because they weren't considered citizens of The United States of America. Working class white males that disagreed on the Federal raft laws rioted Federal Buildings and black neighborhoods. The Colored Orphan Asylum burned down by white mobbers during the New York Draft Riots on July 13, 1863. The children were led out the back door to escape.

Colored

Colored or coloured is a term used in the United States, especially in the South during the racial segregation era, to describe people who do not have White skin or a Caucasian appearance (non-white) or those with mixed racial heritage. Most commonly, the term was used to refer to black African Americans, although it can be applied to members of other non-white races as well. Since desegregation, colored has been widely replaced in the United States by alternative terms. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word colored was first used in the 14th Century, but with a meaning other than race or ethnicity.

In other English-speaking countries, the term has varied meanings. In South Africa, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe, the name Coloured (often capitalized) refers both to a specific ethnic group of complex mixed origins, which is considered neither black nor white, and in other contexts (usually lower case) to people of mixed race, including African Americans; in neither context is its usage considered derogatory. In British usage, the term refers to "a person who is wholly or partly of non-white descent" and its use may be regarded as antiquated or offensive, and other terms are preferable, particularly when referring to a single ethnicity.

Wine color

The color of wine is one of the most easily recognizable characteristics of wines. Color is also an element in wine tasting since heavy wines generally have a deeper color. The accessory traditionally used to judge the wine color was the tastevin, a shallow cup allowing one to see the color of the liquid in the dim light of a cellar. The color is an element in the classification of wines.

Color origins

The color of the wine mainly depends on the color of the drupe of the grape variety. Since pigments are localized in the exocarp (skin) of the grape drupe, not in the juice, the color of the wine depends on the method of vinification and the time the must is in contact with those skins, a process called maceration. The Teinturier grape is an exception in that it also has a pigmented pulp. The blending of two or more varieties of grapes can explain the color of certain wines, like the addition of Rubired to intensify redness.

Red drupe grapes can produce white wine if they are quickly pressed and the juice not allowed to be in contact with the skins. The color is mainly due to plant pigments, notably phenolic compounds (anthocyanidins, tannins, etc.). The color depends on the presence of acids in the wine. It is altered with wine aging by reactions between different active molecules present in the wine, these reactions generally giving rise to a browning of the wine, leading from red to a more tawny color. The use of a wooden barrel (generally oak barrels) in aging also affects the color of the wine.