City Duma

City Duma (Russian: Городская дума) is the parliament/legislative branch of power of in the Russian Empire and contemporary Russian cities, and before the entry into force of the new administrative-territorial division in 2009, in all the cities of Latvia.

Russian Empire

Originated in Russia on the basis of a decree issued on April 21, 1785 by Empress Catherine II "The instruments on the rights and benefits of the cities of the Russian Empire" which included the creation of the "General City Duma". General Duma has elected an executive body, "Шестигласная дума" consisting of the mayor and six councilors, one of six "bits" of urban inhabitants. "Шестигласная дума" have been replaced by "всесословные общие" and sometimes "распорядительные думa" (first in St. Petersburg (1846), Moscow (1862), and Odessa), and after the administrative reform in 1870, the City Duma in all the cities (in the small towns of the empire also used a simplified urban governance without the city Council).

Russian Federation

Duma

A duma (дума) is a Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions. The term comes from the Russian verb думать (dumat’) meaning "to think" or "to consider". The first formally constituted duma was the State Duma introduced into the Russian Empire by Tsar Nicholas II in 1906. It was dissolved in 1917 during the Russian Revolution. Since 1993, the State Duma is the lower legislative house of the Russian Federation.

Boyar duma

The term "Boyar Duma" is used by historians to denote the class of boyars and junior boyars (okol'nichii) collectively within the Russian Tsardom. In 1721, Peter the Great transferred its functions to the Governing Senate. In contemporary sources it is always called simply "the boyars" or "the duma", but never the "boyar duma". Originally there were ten to twelve boyars and five or six okol'nichii. By 1613 it had increased to twenty boyars and eight okol'nichii. Lesser nobles, "duma gentlemen" (dumnye dvoriane) and secretaries, were added to the duma and the number of okol'nichii rose in the latter half of the 17th century. In 1676 the number of boyars was increased to 50 and was by then constituted only a third of the duma.

Douma, Syria

Douma (Arabic: دوما‎ Dūmā) is a city in Syria. Its centre is about 10 km (6 mi) north-east of the centre of Damascus. Being the centre of Rif Dimashq governorate (which completely surrounds the Damascus Governorate), the town is also the administrative centre of Douma District.

During the Syrian Civil War, Douma has been a major flashpoint and had witnessed numerous demonstrations against the Syrian government and armed clashes against the Syrian Army and Security forces during the early stages of the conflict.

On 30 January 2012, the Syrian Army gained control over the city after the Battle of Douma, a major operation against the opposition armed groups in Rif Dimashq Governorate.

On 29 June 2012, Syrian Army is accused of committing a massacre in Douma, where more than 50 people where killed.

As of 18 October 2012, the Free Syrian Army was in control of most of the suburb. Fighting and bombardments continue in the town.

In the 2015 Douma market massacre, the city was attacked by Syrian Army ground-to-ground missiles, leaving at least 50 dead and several more missing.

Duma (2011 film)

Duma (dolls in Arabic) is a ground-breaking and controversial documentary about the abuse of women in Arab and Palestinian society. Made by Palestinian female director Abeer Zeibak Haddad, it sheds light on sexual abuse of women in Arab society. "Duma is an extremely powerful documentary. Brutally realistic; revealingly provocative, and exceedingly enthralling." (Dr. Eylem Atakav, Huffington Post).

.

Synopsis

Zeibak Haddad, the creator of a puppet theater show that deals with sexual abuse during childhood, decides to take her camera and journey from the north to the south of the country, after no-one comes to the theater show because of the difficulty that the subject imposes. This journey results in her documenting Arab women who have experienced sexual violence and hearing their stories. Five protagonists dare to reveal the sexual abuse they endured in their close circle of family and friends. They all look for a way to express and to break the systems of silence which were imposed on them by family and society; their goal is to be heard, whether in privacy or out in the open. Their ambition is to turn the tables and lead abused women away from the circle of silence, shame and asphyxia, and towards self acceptance and the realization that they are allowed to continue to live.