Spine

Spine or Spinal may refer to:

Science

Biology

Medicine

Bookbinding

Bookbinding is the process of physically assembling a book from an ordered stack of paper sheets that are folded together into sections or sometimes left as a stack of individual sheets. The stack is then bound together along one edge by either sewing with thread through the folds or by a layer of flexible adhesive. For protection, the bound stack is either wrapped in a flexible cover or attached to stiff boards. Finally, an attractive cover is adhered to the boards and a label with identifying information is attached to the covers along with additional decoration. Book artists or specialists in book decoration can greatly expand the previous explanation to include book like objects of visual art with high value and artistic merit of exceptional quality in addition to the book's content of text and illustrations.

Bookbinding is a specialized trade that relies on basic operations of measuring, cutting, and gluing. A finished book depends on a minimum of about two dozen operations to complete but sometimes more than double that according to the specific style and materials. All operations have a specific order and each one relies on accurate completion of the previous step with little room for back tracking. An extremely durable binding can be achieved by using the best hand techniques and finest materials when compared to a common publisher's binding that falls apart after normal use.

Spine (zoology)

In a zoological context, a spine is a hard, needle-like anatomical structure. Spines are found in a wide range of animals both vertebrate and invertebrate.

In most spiny mammals, the spines are modified hairs, with a spongy center covered in a thick, hard layer of keratin, and a sharp, sometimes barbed, tip.

Occurrence

Mammals

Spines in mammals include the prickles of hedgehogs and the quills of porcupines as well as the prickly fur of spiny mice and Tenrec. They are also found on Echidna, a monotreme.

The ancient precursor to mammals, Dimetrodon, had extremely long spines on their backbone that were joined together with a web of skin to form a sail-like structure.

Many mammalian species also have penile spines.

The Mesozoic eutriconodont mammal Spinolestes already displayed spines similar to those of modern spiny mice.

Fish

Spines are found in the rays of certain finned bony fishes including scorpion fish. The sting that is found in a stingray is a type of barbed spine.

Invertebrates

Cisza, Łódź Voivodeship

Cisza [ˈt͡ɕiʂa] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kluki, within Bełchatów County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) north-west of Kluki, 11 km (7 mi) west of Bełchatów, and 50 km (31 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

The village has a population of 80.

References

Coordinates: 51°22′N 19°13′E / 51.367°N 19.217°E / 51.367; 19.217

Cisza (film)

Cisza (Silence) is a 2001 Polish film directed by Michal Rosa from a screenplay by Rosa and Krzysztof Piesiewicz. Rosa was named best director for the film at the 2001 Polish Film Festival. Actress Kinga Preis won Best Actress at both the Polish Film Festival and the 2002 Polish Film Awards. The film was also nominated for Polish Film Awards for its cinematography and its score.

Cisza is one of several Polish films released in 2001 with a religious theme. According to Piesiewicz, Cisza was intended as the first of eight films intended to "synthesize the last 20 years of Polish history." The series was to be called Naznaczeni (Predestined).

Plot

The film begins in 1978 in Łódź when a young boy Szymon accidentally causes a deadly car crash while playing pranks with his friends. The scene then jumps forward 22 yers, when Szymon, now portrayed by Bartosz Opania becomes friendly with Mimi, played by Preis. Mimi's parents had been killed in the car crash 22 years earlier and Mimi herself had survived the crash. The relationship forces Mimi to face the issues from her past and her attitude to her own daughter, while Szymon attempts to relieve the guilt he feels by watching over and trying to protect Mimi.