Primer

Primer may refer to:

Primer (textbook)

A primer (in this sense usually pronounced /ˈprɪmər/, sometimes /ˈpraɪmər/) is a first textbook for teaching of reading, such as an alphabet book or basal reader. The word also is used more broadly to refer to any book that presents the most basic elements of any subject.

The Latin Enschedé Abecedarium of the late 15th century, translated into English as the Salisbury Prymer, has been identified as the earliest example of a printed primer. It presented the alphabet and several Catholic prayers.

Other historical examples of primers for children include The New England Primer (1680s) and McGuffey Readers (1836) in the US, and Bala Potam (Lessons for Children, 1850 & 1851) by Arumuka Navalar in Sri Lanka.

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Primer (firearm)

In firearm ballistics, the primer (/ˈpraɪmər/) is a component of pistol, rifle, and shotgun rounds. Upon being struck with sufficient force, a primer reacts chemically to produce heat which ignites the main propellant charge and fires the projectile.

Priming methods

The first step to firing a firearm of any sort is igniting the propellant. The earliest firearms were cannons, which were simple closed tubes. There was a small aperture, the "touchhole", drilled in the closed end of the tube, leading to the main powder charge. This hole was filled with finely ground powder, which was then ignited with a hot ember or torch. With the advent of hand-held firearms, this became an undesirable way of firing a gun. Holding a burning stick while trying to pour a charge of black powder carefully down a barrel is dangerous, and trying to hold the gun with one hand while simultaneously aiming at the target and looking for the touchhole makes it very difficult to fire accurately.

External priming

Hyperview

Hyperview is the third studio album by American rock band Title Fight.

Background and production

In 2012, Title Fight released their second album, Floral Green, and followed it up with the 2013 EP, Spring Songs. On July 24, 2014 it was announced that Title Fight had signed to ANTI-. The band said that their "ability to choose our own path regardless of current or past status quos is a defining characteristic" of the band. With signing to ANTI-, they said that "these qualities will be strengthened and supported."

Title Fight's previous efforts were compared to the likes of Gorilla Biscuits and Lifetime. For Hyperview, the band approached it with a sound reminiscent of Shudder to Think and Slowdive. The album's sound has been described as dream pop,indie rock,post-punk, and shoegaze. Bassist Ned Russin said the group was "looking at bands like maybe Dinosaur Jr. and the Beach Boys — we were looking at the moment where they found something that had never been done before and was now being done well. We were just chasing that energy." Hints of the Hyperview sound could be heard in their previous work. Russin claimed that the album was "the most melodic, simple stuff" the band have created. According to the band, the title Hyperview, "is a state of increased vision, of acute awareness. One in which foresight is even sharper than hindsight." "Chlorine" was "a culmination of all attributes, but not limited to any particular one."

Chlorine (film)

Chlorine is a 2013 American comedy-drama film directed and qritten by Jay Alaimo. Filming mainly took place in Madison, New Jersey and Wayne, New Jersey.

Casting

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Chlorine-37

Chlorine-37, or 37Cl, is one of the stable isotopes of chlorine, the other being chlorine-35 (35Cl). Its nucleus contains 17 protons and 20 neutrons for a total of 37 nucleons. Chlorine-37 accounts for 24.23% of natural chlorine, chlorine-35 accounting for 75.77%, giving chlorine atoms in bulk an apparent atomic weight of 6998354530000000000♠35.453(2) g/mol.

Remarkably, the Solar neutrinos were discovered by an experiment using a radiochemical method based on Chlorine-37 transmutation.

Neutrino detection

One of the historically important radiochemical methods of solar neutrino detection is based on inverse electron capture triggered by the absorption of an electron neutrino. Chlorine-37 transmutes into Argon-37 via the reaction

Argon-37 then de-excites itself via electron capture (half-life = 35 d) into Chlorine-37 via the reaction

These last reactions involve Auger electrons of specific energies. The detection of these electrons confirms that a neutrino event took place. Detection methods involve several hundred thousand liters of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) or tetrachloroethylene (C₂Cl₄) stored in underground tanks.