Chi Tu

Chi Tu (other alternative spellings include Chihtu, Chitu or Ch-ih-t'u; Sanskrit: Raktamaritika or Raktamrittika; Chinese: 赤土国, pinyin: Chì-tǔ-guó; Malay language: Tanah Merah) is an ancient kingdom mentioned in the history of China. The Sui Dynasty (581-618) annals describe an advanced kingdom called Chi Tu in 607, when Chang Chun was sent as an ambassador there. The location of Chi Tu was disputed to be around Kelantan or Pahang state in Malay Peninsula, or in Songkhla and Pattani Province of southern Thailand. The best evidence to support the Kelantan theory was when the envoys left Chi Tu, the sail took 10 days to reach Champa, this indicates the kingdom was located somewhere ‘red earth’ around the main river of Kelantan. The inscribed Buddhagupta Stone found in Kedah mentioned a Raktamrttika, meaning "red earth land".

History

The Chi Tu kingdom is believed to have existed from 100 BC to the 7th century. The royal family's name is Chu-dan (means Gautama Buddha) and the king is Li-fo-duo-se. According to Chinese records, Chi Tu was built by kit mow (Mon-Khmer) peoples who sailed from the coast of Funan (southern Indochina). Centuries later, the local inhabitants, replaced Funan peoples. "...Chi Tu is a derivation nation of Funan, located in within the southern sea, sailing hundred days to reach, the majority terrain was red, thus named Red Earth Kingdom (Chi means red, Tu means earth). East bordering Po-Lo-La, West bordering Po-Lo-So, South bordering Ho Lo Tan, thousands of square miles in land area. The king has three wives and the kingdom embraced Buddhism....".

Chi

Chi may refer to:

Greek

Chinese

Igbo

Japanese

Other

In science

In fiction and popular culture

Chi (magazine)

Chi (Italian for "Who") is an Italian weekly gossip magazine geared towards a female viewership published in Milan, Italy.

History and profile

Chi was established in 1995. The magazine, published weekly, is based in Segrate, Milan, Italy and its publisher is Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. The company is headed by Marina Berlusconi, Silvio Berlusconi’s older daughter. Alfonso Signorini is the editor of the weekly.

In 2004 the circulation of Chi was 524,482 copies. The magazine had a circulation of 503,984 copies in 2007. In 2010 its circulation was 403,599 copies.

Photo of Princess Diana

The magazine came under criticism for publishing a picture of Princess Diana, taken as she was dying. The photo, which is black-and-white, depicts Diana receiving oxygen in the wreckage of the vehicle in which she died on 31 August 1997. The picture, which was also run with black bars across the Princess's face in the British newspaper The Sun, was taken from the book Lady Diana : L'enquete criminelle by Jean-Michel Caradec'h. Despite the criticism, the editor of the magazine defended their decision to publish it.

Qi (state)

Qi (Chinese: 齊; Old Chinese: *[dz]ˤəj) was an ancient Chinese state during the Zhou dynasty of ancient China. Its capital was Linzi (present-day Zibo in Shandong).

Qi was founded around in 1046 BC as one of the many vassal states of the Zhou Dynasty. The first ruler of Qi was Jiang Ziya, the most powerful official during that time. The Jiang family ruled Qi for several centuries before it was replaced by the Tian family in 386 BC. In 221 BC, Qi was the last major state of pre-Imperial China to be conquered by the State of Qin, which became the Qin Dynasty, the first centralized empire of China.

History

Foundation

With the founding of the Zhou dynasty in 1046 BC,King Wu of Zhou assigned the conquered lands as hereditary fiefs to his relatives and ministers. Territory in the area of modern-day Shandong was given to Jiang Ziya, his most important general from which the state of Qi arose. Little information survives from this period. King Yi of Zhou (r. 865–858) attacked Qi and boiled Duke Ai of Qi to death. At the time of King Xuan of Zhou (r. 827–782) there was a succession struggle. During this time many of the native Dongyi peoples were absorbed into the Qi state.