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Cyclin-dependent kinase 2

PDB rendering based on 1aq1[1].
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
Identifiers
Symbols CDK2; p33(CDK2)
External IDs OMIM: 116953 MGI: 104772 HomoloGene: 74409 ChEMBL: 301 GeneCards: CDK2 Gene
EC number 2.7.11.22
RNA expression pattern
PBB GE CDK2 204252 at tn.png
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez 1017 12566
Ensembl ENSG00000123374 ENSMUSG00000025358
UniProt P24941 P97377
RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001798.3 NM_016756.4
RefSeq (protein) NP_001789.2 NP_058036.1
Location (UCSC) Chr 12:
56.36 – 56.37 Mb		 Chr 10:
128.13 – 128.14 Mb
PubMed search [1] [2]
This box:

Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 also known as cell division protein kinase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK2 gene.[2][3]

Contents

Function [link]

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family of Ser/Thr protein kinases. This protein kinase is highly similar to the gene products of S. cerevisiae cdc28, and S. pombe cdc2, also known as Cdk1 in humans. It is a catalytic subunit of the cyclin-dependent kinase complex, whose activity is restricted to the G1-S phase of the cell cycle, and is essential for the G1/S transition. This protein associates with and is regulated by the regulatory subunits of the complex including cyclin E or A. Cyclin E binds G1 phase Cdk2, which is required for the transition from G1 to S phase while binding with Cyclin A is required to progress through the S phase. Its activity is also regulated by phosphorylation. Two alternatively spliced variants and multiple transcription initiation sites of this gene have been reported.[3]

The role of this protein in G1-S transition has been recently questioned as cells lacking Cdk2 are reported to have no problem during this transition.[4]

Inhibitors [link]

Known CDK inhibitors are p21Cip1 (CDKN1A) and p27Kip1 (CDKN1B).[5] Drugs that inhibit Cdk2 and arrest the cell cycle, such as GW8510, may reduce the sensitivity of the epithelium to many cell cycle-active antitumor agents and, therefore, represent a strategy for prevention of chemotherapy-induced alopecia.[6]

Gene regulation [link]

In melanocytic cell types, expression of the CDK2 gene is regulated by the Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor.[7][8]

Interactions [link]

Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 has been shown to interact with Retinoblastoma-like protein 2,[9][10] Retinoblastoma-like protein 1,[9][11] Flap structure-specific endonuclease 1,[12] CEBPA,[13] BRCA1,[14][15][16] PPM1B,[17] Cyclin A1,[18][19][20][21] Cyclin E1,[9][22][23][24][25][26] SKP2,[27][28][29] PPP2CA,[17] ORC1L,[30] CDK2AP1,[31] CDKN3,[32][33][34] CDKN1B[25][27][35][36][37] and P21.[22][29][34][37][38]

Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis.

References [link]

  1. ^ Lawrie, A. M.; Noble, M. E.; Tunnah, P.; Brown, N. R.; Johnson, L. N.; Endicott, J. A. (1997). "Protein kinase inhibition by staurosporine revealed in details of the molecular interaction with CDK2". Nature structural biology 4 (10): 796–801. PMID 9334743.  edit
  2. ^ Tsai LH, Harlow E, Meyerson M (September 1991). "Isolation of the human cdk2 gene that encodes the cyclin A- and adenovirus E1A-associated p33 kinase". Nature 353 (6340): 174–7. DOI:10.1038/353174a0. PMID 1653904. 
  3. ^ a b "Entrez Gene: CDK2 cyclin-dependent kinase 2". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1017. 
  4. ^ Berthet C, Aleem E, Coppola V, Tessarollo L, Kaldis P (October 2003). "Cdk2 knockout mice are viable". Curr. Biol. 13 (20): 1775–85. DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2003.09.024. PMID 14561402. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982203006936. 
  5. ^ Levkau B, Koyama H, Raines EW, Clurman BE, Herren B, Orth K, Roberts JM, Ross R (March 1998). "Cleavage of p21Cip1/Waf1 and p27Kip1 mediates apoptosis in endothelial cells through activation of Cdk2: role of a caspase cascade". Mol. Cell 1 (4): 553–63. DOI:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80055-6. PMID 9660939. 
  6. ^ Davis ST, Benson BG, Bramson HN, Chapman DE, Dickerson SH, Dold KM, Eberwein DJ, Edelstein M, Frye SV, Gampe Jr RT, Griffin RJ, Harris PA, Hassell AM, Holmes WD, Hunter RN, Knick VB, Lackey K, Lovejoy B, Luzzio MJ, Murray D, Parker P, Rocque WJ, Shewchuk L, Veal JM, Walker DH, Kuyper LF (January 2001). "Prevention of chemotherapy-induced alopecia in rats by CDK inhibitors". Science 291 (5501): 134–7. DOI:10.1126/science.291.5501.134. PMID 11141566.  (Retracted. If this is intentional, please replace {{Retracted}} with {{Retracted|intentional=yes}}.)
  7. ^ Du J, Widlund HR, Horstmann MA, et al. (2004). "Critical role of CDK2 for melanoma growth linked to its melanocyte-specific transcriptional regulation by MITF". Cancer Cell 6 (6): 565–76. DOI:10.1016/j.ccr.2004.10.014. PMID 15607961. 
  8. ^ Hoek KS, Schlegel NC, Eichhoff OM, et al. (2008). "Novel MITF targets identified using a two-step DNA microarray strategy". Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 21 (6): 665–76. DOI:10.1111/j.1755-148X.2008.00505.x. PMID 19067971. 
  9. ^ a b c Shanahan, F; Seghezzi W, Parry D, Mahony D, Lees E (February 1999). "Cyclin E Associates with BAF155 and BRG1, Components of the Mammalian SWI-SNF Complex, and Alters the Ability of BRG1 To Induce Growth Arrest". Mol. Cell. Biol. (UNITED STATES) 19 (2): 1460–9. ISSN 0270-7306. PMC 116074. PMID 9891079. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116074. 
  10. ^ Lacy, S; Whyte P (May. 1997). "Identification of a p130 domain mediating interactions with cyclin A/cdk 2 and cyclin E/cdk 2 complexes". Oncogene (ENGLAND) 14 (20): 2395–406. DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1201085. ISSN 0950-9232. PMID 9188854. 
  11. ^ Leng, Xiaohong; Noble Martin, Adams Peter D, Qin Jun, Harper J Wade (April 2002). "Reversal of Growth Suppression by p107 via Direct Phosphorylation by Cyclin D1/Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4". Mol. Cell. Biol. (United States) 22 (7): 2242–54. DOI:10.1128/MCB.22.7.2242-2254.2002. ISSN 0270-7306. PMC 133692. PMID 11884610. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=133692. 
  12. ^ Henneke, Ghislaine; Koundrioukoff Stéphane, Hübscher Ulrich (July 2003). "Phosphorylation of human Fen1 by cyclin-dependent kinase modulates its role in replication fork regulation". Oncogene (England) 22 (28): 4301–13. DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1206606. ISSN 0950-9232. PMID 12853968. 
  13. ^ Wang, H; Iakova P, Wilde M, Welm A, Goode T, Roesler W J, Timchenko N A (October 2001). "C/EBPalpha arrests cell proliferation through direct inhibition of Cdk2 and Cdk4". Mol. Cell (United States) 8 (4): 817–28. DOI:10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00366-5. ISSN 1097-2765. PMID 11684017. 
  14. ^ Chen, Y; Farmer A A, Chen C F, Jones D C, Chen P L, Lee W H (July 1996). "BRCA1 is a 220-kDa nuclear phosphoprotein that is expressed and phosphorylated in a cell cycle-dependent manner". Cancer Res. (UNITED STATES) 56 (14): 3168–72. ISSN 0008-5472. PMID 8764100. 
  15. ^ Ruffner, H; Jiang W, Craig A G, Hunter T, Verma I M (July 1999). "BRCA1 Is Phosphorylated at Serine 1497 In Vivo at a Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 Phosphorylation Site". Mol. Cell. Biol. (UNITED STATES) 19 (7): 4843–54. ISSN 0270-7306. PMC 84283. PMID 10373534. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84283. 
  16. ^ Wang, H; Shao N, Ding Q M, Cui J, Reddy E S, Rao V N (July 1997). "BRCA1 proteins are transported to the nucleus in the absence of serum and splice variants BRCA1a, BRCA1b are tyrosine phosphoproteins that associate with E2F, cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases". Oncogene (ENGLAND) 15 (2): 143–57. DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1201252. ISSN 0950-9232. PMID 9244350. 
  17. ^ a b Cheng, A; Kaldis P, Solomon M J (November 2000). "Dephosphorylation of human cyclin-dependent kinases by protein phosphatase type 2C alpha and beta 2 isoforms". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 275 (44): 34744–9. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M006210200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10934208. 
  18. ^ Sweeney, C; Murphy M, Kubelka M, Ravnik S E, Hawkins C F, Wolgemuth D J, Carrington M (January 1996). "A distinct cyclin A is expressed in germ cells in the mouse". Development (ENGLAND) 122 (1): 53–64. ISSN 0950-1991. PMID 8565853. 
  19. ^ Yang, R; Morosetti R, Koeffler H P (March 1997). "Characterization of a second human cyclin A that is highly expressed in testis and in several leukemic cell lines". Cancer Res. (UNITED STATES) 57 (5): 913–20. ISSN 0008-5472. PMID 9041194. 
  20. ^ Müller-Tidow, C; Wang W, Idos G E, Diederichs S, Yang R, Readhead C, Berdel W E, Serve H, Saville M, Watson R, Koeffler H P (April 2001). "Cyclin A1 directly interacts with B-myb and cyclin A1/cdk2 phosphorylate B-myb at functionally important serine and threonine residues: tissue-specific regulation of B-myb function". Blood (United States) 97 (7): 2091–7. DOI:10.1182/blood.V97.7.2091. ISSN 0006-4971. PMID 11264176. 
  21. ^ Brown, N R; Noble M E, Endicott J A, Johnson L N (November 1999). "The structural basis for specificity of substrate and recruitment peptides for cyclin-dependent kinases". Nat. Cell Biol. (England) 1 (7): 438–43. DOI:10.1038/15674. ISSN 1465-7392. PMID 10559988. 
  22. ^ a b McKenzie, Pamela P; Danks Mary K, Kriwacki Richard W, Harris Linda C (July 2003). "P21Waf1/Cip1 dysfunction in neuroblastoma: a novel mechanism of attenuating G0-G1 cell cycle arrest". Cancer Res. (United States) 63 (13): 3840–4. ISSN 0008-5472. PMID 12839982. 
  23. ^ Koff, A; Giordano A, Desai D, Yamashita K, Harper J W, Elledge S, Nishimoto T, Morgan D O, Franza B R, Roberts J M (September 1992). "Formation and activation of a cyclin E-cdk2 complex during the G1 phase of the human cell cycle". Science (UNITED STATES) 257 (5077): 1689–94. DOI:10.1126/science.1388288. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 1388288. 
  24. ^ Mayer, Christine; Zhao Jian, Yuan Xuejun, Grummt Ingrid (February 2004). "mTOR-dependent activation of the transcription factor TIF-IA links rRNA synthesis to nutrient availability". Genes Dev. (United States) 18 (4): 423–34. DOI:10.1101/gad.285504. ISSN 0890-9369. PMC 359396. PMID 15004009. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=359396. 
  25. ^ a b Connor, Michael K; Kotchetkov Rouslan, Cariou Sandrine, Resch Ansgar, Lupetti Rafaella, Beniston Richard G, Melchior Frauke, Hengst Ludger, Slingerland Joyce M (January 2003). "CRM1/Ran-Mediated Nuclear Export of p27Kip1 Involves a Nuclear Export Signal and Links p27 Export and Proteolysis". Mol. Biol. Cell (United States) 14 (1): 201–13. DOI:10.1091/mbc.E02-06-0319. ISSN 1059-1524. PMC 140238. PMID 12529437. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140238. 
  26. ^ Boudrez, A; Beullens M, Groenen P, Van Eynde A, Vulsteke V, Jagiello I, Murray M, Krainer A R, Stalmans W, Bollen M (August 2000). "NIPP1-mediated interaction of protein phosphatase-1 with CDC5L, a regulator of pre-mRNA splicing and mitotic entry". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 275 (33): 25411–7. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M001676200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10827081. 
  27. ^ a b Rosner, Margit; Hengstschläger Markus (November 2004). "Tuberin binds p27 and negatively regulates its interaction with the SCF component Skp2". J. Biol. Chem. (United States) 279 (47): 48707–15. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M405528200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 15355997. 
  28. ^ Marti, A; Wirbelauer C, Scheffner M, Krek W (May. 1999). "Interaction between ubiquitin-protein ligase SCFSKP2 and E2F-1 underlies the regulation of E2F-1 degradation". Nat. Cell Biol. (ENGLAND) 1 (1): 14–9. DOI:10.1038/8984. ISSN 1465-7392. PMID 10559858. 
  29. ^ a b Yam, C H; Ng R W, Siu W Y, Lau A W, Poon R Y (January 1999). "Regulation of Cyclin A-Cdk2 by SCF Component Skp1 and F-Box Protein Skp2". Mol. Cell. Biol. (UNITED STATES) 19 (1): 635–45. ISSN 0270-7306. PMC 83921. PMID 9858587. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=83921. 
  30. ^ Méndez, Juan; Zou-Yang X Helena, Kim So-Young, Hidaka Masumi, Tansey William P, Stillman Bruce (March 2002). "Human origin recognition complex large subunit is degraded by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis after initiation of DNA replication". Mol. Cell (United States) 9 (3): 481–91. DOI:10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00467-7. ISSN 1097-2765. PMID 11931757. 
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  33. ^ Hannon, G J; Casso D, Beach D (March 1994). "KAP: a dual specificity phosphatase that interacts with cyclin-dependent kinases". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (UNITED STATES) 91 (5): 1731–5. DOI:10.1073/pnas.91.5.1731. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 43237. PMID 8127873. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=43237. 
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  36. ^ Porter, Lisa A; Kong-Beltran Monica, Donoghue Daniel J (September 2003). "Spy1 Interacts with p27Kip1 to Allow G1/S Progression". Mol. Biol. Cell (United States) 14 (9): 3664–74. DOI:10.1091/mbc.E02-12-0820. ISSN 1059-1524. PMC 196558. PMID 12972555. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=196558. 
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Further reading [link]

External links [link]
Cyclin
A (A1, A2) · B (B1, B2, B3) · D (D1, D2, D3) · E (E1, E2)
CDK
1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · CDK-activating kinase
CDK inhibitor
P53 p63 p73 family
p53 · p63 · p73
Phases and
checkpoints
Other cellular phases
B bsyn: dna (repl, cycl, reco, repr) · tscr (fact, tcrg, nucl, rnat, rept, ptts) · tltn (risu, pttl, nexn) · dnab, rnab/runp · stru (domn, 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°)

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