Castle

A castle (from Latin: castellum) is a type of fortified structure built in Europe and the Middle East during the Middle Ages by nobility. Scholars debate the scope of the word castle, but usually consider it to be the private fortified residence of a lord or noble. This is distinct from a palace, which is not fortified; from a fortress, which was not always a residence for nobility; and from a fortified settlement, which was a public defence – though there are many similarities among these types of construction. Usage of the term has varied over time and has been applied to structures as diverse as hill forts and country houses. Over the approximately 900 years that castles were built, they took on a great many forms with many different features, although some, such as curtain walls and arrowslits, were commonplace.

A European innovation, castles originated in the 9th and 10th centuries, after the fall of the Carolingian Empire resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes. These nobles built castles to control the area immediately surrounding them, and were both offensive and defensive structures; they provided a base from which raids could be launched as well as protection from enemies. Although their military origins are often emphasised in castle studies, the structures also served as centres of administration and symbols of power. Urban castles were used to control the local populace and important travel routes, and rural castles were often situated near features that were integral to life in the community, such as mills and fertile land.

Castles (video game)

Castles is a video game developed by Quicksilver and published by Interplay Entertainment in 1991 and 1992. The game involves the construction of a series of castles in Wales and the Welsh Marches during the 13th century. Castles was quickly followed by an expansion, Castles: The Northern Campaign, and a sequel, Castles II: Siege and Conquest.

Gameplay

The game combines several genres of gameplay including resource management, a text-based multiple-choice storyline and a simple combat mode.

In Castles, the player constructs up to eight castles, one after the other, in various regions in western England and Wales. Each scenario starts in the castle building mode with a flat, empty map of the region. The map has such features as trees and water, but is largely devoid of manageable terrain.

On this map the player designs the outline of a castle, including a gatehouse, walls, and round or square towers. Each piece of the castle can be customized for either height, thickness, or both, and most can be further outfitted with defensive features. Wall defenses feature cauldrons of boiling oil and towers include arrow slits. The player has to consider the amount of available resources in the region when designing the castle, as larger or numerous pieces can easily deplete resources and result in the inability to complete the castle.

Castles II: Siege and Conquest

Castles II: Siege and Conquest is a strategy video game developed for the Macintosh, Amiga and DOS by Interplay Entertainment in 1992, designed and developed by Quicksilver Software; the Macintosh version of the game was published by Interplay Entertainment under the MacPlay brand name. Castles II is the sequel to the 1991 game Castles.

Story

The player takes the role of one of five different nobles (Albion, Duke of Valois, Anjou, Aragon, or Burgundy), fighting for the title of King of Bretagne. In addition, three territories are controlled by the Pope.

Gameplay

Gameplay includes scouting out unknown territories, conquering them, building castles to prevent revolts and line defenses, raising an army, feeding and paying them, and eventually making a claim for the title of King. Depending on how strong the human player or the other four AI-engined nobles are, the Pope will decide whether or not to endorse the claim. Therefore, attacking someone that claims the title can prevent them from getting it. Using diplomacy also allows the player to maintain high relationships with the other nobles and with the Pope, a useful feature to protect from attack. Alternately, the player can conquer everyone and even the Pope to win by default (in which case the anti-Pope will also endorse the player's claim to the throne).

Dose

Dose means quantity (in units of energy/mass) in the fields of nutrition, medicine, and toxicology. Dosage is the rate of application of a dose, although in common and imprecise usage, the words are sometimes used synonymously.

Dose can also mean quantity (in units of number/area) in the fields of Surface science and Ion implantation. See the definition of dose in ISO18115-1, term 4.173 (and compare the related definition of fluence in term 4.217 of the same Standard).

Particular uses in this context including:

Dose (album)

Dose is the second studio album by Gov't Mule. Te album was released on February 24, 1998, by Volcano Entertainment. It was produced, recorded and mixed by Michael Barbiero and is a much darker record than Gov't Mule's self-titled debut album. The songs "Thelonius Beck" and "Birth of the Mule" were tributes to jazz musicians Thelonious Monk and Miles Davis, respectively.

Track listing

All songs by Warren Haynes unless otherwise noted.

Personnel

References

Dose (magazine)

Dose is a daily Canadian news website and former daily print magazine. It was a mixture of standalone features and coverage of daily news, sometimes from an irreverent perspective. Each daily issue had a theme, and the top margins of every page usually included trivia items related to the theme.

History

Dose magazine was launched on April 4, 2005, and was distributed in five major Canadian cities: Toronto, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, and Ottawa. Different news articles from the five cities are still featured on the website. The magazine hoped to earn revenue through advertising and selling mobile content (via the website) and was aimed at the lucrative demographic of 18- to 34-year-olds. The website targets this market too.

Dose was published by Noah Godfrey, son of CanWest board of directors member Paul Godfrey. The content team included editor-in-chief, Pema Hegan and creative director, Jaspal Riyait. The magazine was the product of Canwest Mediaworks Publications Inc. (originally the Calgary Herald Group), which was in turn part of the same corporate conglomerate, Canwest, that publishes the National Post, among many other newspapers in Canada, including the Montreal Gazette and the Ottawa Citizen. Canwest also controls the Global Television Network in Canada.