| Carnelian / Sard | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Polished carnelian/sard pebbles. Scale is in millimeters. |
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| General | |
| Category | Chalcedony variety |
| Chemical formula | Silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) |
| Identification | |
| Molar mass | 60 g / mol |
| Color | Brownish-red |
| Crystal system | Trigonal |
| Cleavage | Absent |
| Fracture | Uneven, splintery, conchoidal |
| Mohs scale hardness | 6 - 7 |
| Luster | Vitreous, dull, greasy, silky |
| Streak | White |
| Diaphaneity | Translucent |
| Specific gravity | 2.59 - 2.61 |
| References | [1] |
Carnelian (also spelled cornelian) is a brownish-red mineral which is commonly used as a semi-precious gemstone. Similar to carnelian is sard, which is generally harder and darker. (The difference is not rigidly defined, and the two names are often used interchangeably.) Both carnelian and sard are varieties of the silica mineral chalcedony colored by impurities of iron oxide. The color can vary greatly, ranging from pale orange to an intense almost-black coloration.
Contents |
History [link]
The bow drill was used to drill holes into carnelian in Mehrgarh between 4th-5th millennium BC.[2] Carnelian was recovered from Bronze Age Minoan layers at Knossos on Crete in a form that demonstrated its use in decorative arts;[3] this use dates to approximately 1800 BC. Carnelian was used widely during Roman times to make engraved gems for signet or seal rings for imprinting a seal with wax on correspondence or other important documents. Hot wax does not stick to carnelian.[4] Sard was used for Assyrian cylinder seals, Egyptian and Phoenician scarabs, and early Greek and Etruscan gems.[5] The Hebrew odem (translated sardius), the first stone in the High Priest's breastplate, was a red stone, probably sard but perhaps red jasper.[5]
Etymology [link]
Although now the more common term, "carnelian" is a 16th century corruption of the 14th century word "cornelian" (and its associated orthographies corneline and cornalyn).[6] Cornelian, cognate with similar words in several Romance languages, comes from the Mediaeval Latin corneolus, itself derived from the Latin word cornum, the cornel cherry,[7] whose translucent red fruits resemble the stone. The Oxford English Dictionary calls "carnelian" a perversion of "cornelian", by subsequent analogy with the Latin word caro, carnis, flesh. According to Pliny the Elder, sard derives its name from the city of Sardis in Lydia, but it more likely comes from the Persian word سرد sered, meaning yellowish-red.[5]
Distinction between carnelian and sard [link]
The names carnelian and sard are often used interchangeably, but they can also be used to describe distinct subvarieties. The general differences are as follows:[5]
| Carnelian | Sard | |
|---|---|---|
| Color | Lighter, with shades ranging from orange to reddish-brown. | Darker, with shades ranging from a deep reddish-brown to almost black. |
| Hardness | Softer | Harder and tougher. |
| Fracture | Uneven, splintery and conchoidal | Like carnelian, but duller and more hackly. |
All of these properties vary across a continuum, and so the boundary between carnelian and sard is inevitably blurred.
See also [link]
References [link]
- ^ Rudolf Duda and Lubos Rejl: Minerals of the World (Arch Cape Press, 1990)
- ^ Kulke, Hermann & Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). A History of India. Routledge. 22. ISBN 0-415-32920-5.
- ^ C. Michael Hogan, Knossos fieldnotes, Modern Antiquarian (2007)
- ^ Section 12 of the translation of Weilue - a 3rd century Chinese text by John Hill under "carnelian" and note 12.12 (17)
- ^ a b c d
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sard". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. - ^ "'Cornelian'". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. https://www.oed.com. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Carnelian". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links [link]
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Carnelian (artist)
Carnelian (born September 21) is a Japanese female CG and dōjinshi artist. She had done artwork and character designs for various anime, products, visual novels, and regular novels. Some of her best-known visual novel games include Moonlight Lady, Yami to Bōshi to Hon no Tabibito, Day of Love, and Quilt. She established her own game company named Root, and occasionally draws dōjinshi.
Works
Video games
Anime
Products
Books
References
External links
Olmo grapes
Olmo grapes are wine and table grape varieties produced by University of California, Davis viticulturist Dr. Harold Olmo. Over the course of his nearly 50-year career, Dr. Olmo bred a wide variety of both grapes by means of both crossing varieties from the same species or creating hybrid grapes from cultivars of different Vitis species.
Over 30 new grape varieties were created by Dr. Olmo and introduced to the California wine and table grape industries.
Ruby Cabernet
Ruby Cabernet is the most notable and widely planted Olmo grape. It is a crossing between the Vitis vinifera varieties Cabernet Sauvignon and Carignan that was first trailed by Dr. Olmo in 1936 before being released in 1948. The grape is primarily used in blending, adding color and tartness, but producers such as E & J Gallo Winery have produced varietal wines from the grape. According to wine expert Jancis Robinson, Ruby Cabernet can have some aromas reminiscent of a young Cabernet Sauvignon with the color of a Carignan but it lacks the structure and body to produce premium wines.
