Candle

A candle is an ignitable wick embedded in wax or another flammable solid substance such as tallow that provides light, and in some cases, a fragrance. It can also be used to provide heat, or used as a method of keeping time.

A candle manufacturer is traditionally known as a chandler. Various devices have been invented to hold candles, from simple tabletop candle holders to elaborate chandeliers.

For a candle to burn, a heat source (commonly a naked flame) is used to light the candle's wick, which melts and vaporizes a small amount of fuel (the wax). Once vaporized, the fuel combines with oxygen in the atmosphere to ignite and form a constant flame. This flame provides sufficient heat to keep the candle burning via a self-sustaining chain of events: the heat of the flame melts the top of the mass of solid fuel; the liquefied fuel then moves upward through the wick via capillary action; the liquefied fuel finally vaporizes to burn within the candle's flame.

As the mass of solid fuel is melted and consumed, the candle becomes shorter. Portions of the wick that are not emitting vaporized fuel are consumed in the flame. The incineration of the wick limits the exposed length of the wick, thus maintaining a constant burning temperature and rate of fuel consumption. Some wicks require regular trimming with scissors (or a specialized wick trimmer), usually to about one-quarter inch (~0.7 cm), to promote slower, steady burning, and also to prevent smoking. In early times, the wick needed to be trimmed quite frequently. Special candle-scissors, referred to as "snuffers" were produced for this purpose in the 20th century and were often combined with an extinguisher. In modern candles, the wick is constructed so that it curves over as it burns. This ensures that the end of the wick gets oxygen and is then consumed by fire—a self-trimming wick.

Candles (EP)

Candles is the second EP and the first digital–only EP by American pop punk band Hey Monday released on February 8, 2011 through Decaydance/Columbia records. On January 27, Hey Monday announced that a new version of "Candles," an old acoustic demo of "Candles," and a brand new song titled "The One That Got Away," would be on the EP. The "Candles" music video was released on March 9, 2011. It has been covered by Chris Colfer (Kurt Hummel) and Darren Criss (Blaine Anderson) from Glee.

The EP has one single, titled Candles, released on February 8, 2011. It was produced by French label's producers Vital Song.

Track listing

All lyrics written by Cassadee Pope. 

Reception

References

Candles (song)

"Candles" is a song recorded by American pop punk band Hey Monday. The song was first included on the group's debut album, Hold On Tight (2008). While working on their scrapped second studio album, the band re-recorded the song; this new version was released on February 8, 2011 as the Candles EP, along with an acoustic demo of the song and a previously-unreleased song called "The One That Got Away". A music video for the song debuted March 9, 2011 on Just Jared. "Candles" was the last single released by the group before they went on hiatus for Cassadee Pope to pursue her solo career.

Track listing

All lyrics written by Cassadee Pope. 

Chart performance

Glee version

The cast of Glee covered the song in their second season episode, "Original Song". In the episode, Blaine Anderson (Darren Criss) and Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer) performed "Candles" as a duet as part of The Warblers' setlist for Regionals. As with almost every song performed on the show, the Glee cover was released as a digital single, on March 15, 2011. It is also included on the soundtrack album Glee: The Music Presents the Warblers. The Glee version proved to be more commercially successful than the original, charting in Australia, Canada, The United Kingdom, and The United States.

Bosque

A bosque (/ˈboʊskɛ/ BOHS-ke) is a gallery forest found along the riparian flood plains of stream and river banks in the southwestern United States. It derives its name from the Spanish word for woodlands.

In the predominantly arid or semi-arid southwestern United States, the bosque is an oasis-like ribbon of green vegetation, often canopied, that only exists near rivers, streams, or other water courses. The most notable bosque is the 200-mile (320 km)-long ecosystem along the middle Rio Grande in New Mexico that extends from Santa Fe south past Socorro including the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge.

The most common trees in the bosque habitat are generally smaller species which rarely exceed 10 metres (33 ft), such as mesquite. Larger cottonwood trees are also common in some areas. Because there is only a single canopy layer and because the tree species found in the bosque are generally deciduous, a wide variety of shrubs, grasses, and other understory vegetation is also supported. Desert hackberry, blue palo verde, graythorn (Condalia lycioides), Mexican elder (Sambucus mexicana ), "virgin's bower", and "Indian root" all flourish in the bosque. The habitat also supports a large variety of lichens. For a semi-arid region, there is extraordinary biodiversity at the interface of the bosque and surrounding desert ecosystems.

Ulmus parvifolia 'UPMTF' = Bosque

The Chinese Elm cultivar Ulmus parvifolia 'UPMTF' (selling name Bosque™) was raised by Moon's Tree Farm nursery , Atlanta.

Description

Rarely exceeding 6 m in height, Bosque has a single central leader and strong ascending branches forming a pyramidal crown. The leaves are a lustrous dark green, turning yellow to orange in autumn. The mottled bark ranges from greyish orange to greyish brown. The tree is reputed to be very fast growing.

Pests and diseases

The species and its cultivars are highly resistant, but not immune, to Dutch elm disease, and unaffected by the Elm Leaf Beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola .

Cultivation

Bosque is not known to be in cultivation beyond North America.

Etymology

Acronym of Ulmus Parvifolia Moon Tree Farm

Accessions

Nurseries

(Widely available)

External links

Bosque (journal)

Bosque is a scientific journal published by the Forestry Faculty of the Southern University of Chile. It publishes articles on a wide range of forestry-related topics, primarily on issues that are relevant to Chile, Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere. The published articles include peer-reviewed scientific research papers, items of current interest and opinion pieces. Bosque's first issue was published in 1975 and the journal was issued yearly until 1985. From 1985 to 2003 it was issued twice a year and from 2003 on thee times a year. The topics covered in Bosque are management and production of forestry resources, wood science and technology, silviculture, forest ecology, natural resources conservation, and rural development associated with forest ecosystems. The journal publishes research articles, notes and opinions, both in Spanish and English. Bosque was included in the Science Citation Index Expanded in 2009. The journal is also indexed in The Zoological Record.