Canapé (bridge)

Canapé is a bridge bidding method in which the second suit bid may be (or must be) longer than or at least as long as the first. The name Canapé refers to a small bite presented before a big meal.

Canapé is the invention of Pierre Albarran, a French auction and contract bridge player, theorist, and author. His book on the topic is long out-of-print and hard to find. A French pair, Pierre Jaïs and Roger Trézel, used a canapé system to become one of the strongest pairs in the world during the 1950s and 1960s. They achieved a triple crown of major world championships from 1956 to 1962, two at teams-of-four representing France and the inaugural World Open Pairs Championship. Canapé is also the basis of the Roman Club and Blue Team Club systems, which were used by the Italian Blue Team to win many world championships in the 1950s and 1960s. Some of the early Blue Team players used a "natural" canapé style. A "Modified Italian Canapé System" is still in use today.

An advantage of the canapé method is that four-card major suits are introduced on the first round of the auction even when a longer suit is held. Thus, eight-card or longer major suit fits are found right away and some otherwise difficult to bid hands are handled easily. If no major suit exists, the partnership can play in the opener's longest suit. Opening four-card majors frequently has a preemptive value because takeout doubles are less effective in cases where the opponents have not opened their longest suit. When four-card majors were popular in the United States, even the most adamant proponents of "natural" bidding opened four-card majors ahead of five-card minors on hands that presented rebid problems.

Bridge (1949 film)

Bridge (simplified Chinese: 桥; traditional Chinese: 橋; pinyin: Qiáo) (also known as The Bridge) is a 1949 Chinese war film made shortly after the Communist revolution in China; as such, it is considered the first film completed after the founding of the People's Republic of China. As a film, Bridge set many of the themes that would dominate the Socialist cinema of post-1949 China, including the glorification of the worker and the conversion of the intellectual to Communism.

Plot

During the Chinese Civil War, a railroad factory is commissioned by the Communist army to repair a bridge. Led by a skeptical engineer who does not believe the bridge can be completed in time, the factory workers lack enthusiasm and morale. The project is galvanized, however, by the work of Liang Ruisheng (Wang Jiayi), who inspires his fellow workers to complete the project for the war effort. In the process, even the engineer is converted.

References

References

Bridge (dentistry)

A bridge is a fixed dental restoration (a fixed dental prosthesis) used to replace a missing tooth (or several teeth) by joining an artificial tooth permanently to adjacent teeth or dental implants.

Types of bridges may vary, depending upon how they are fabricated and the way they anchor to the adjacent teeth. Conventionally, bridges are made using the indirect method of restoration. However, bridges can be fabricated directly in the mouth using such materials as composite resin.

A bridge is fabricated by reducing the teeth on either side of the missing tooth or teeth by a preparation pattern determined by the location of the teeth and by the material from which the bridge is fabricated. In other words, the abutment teeth are reduced in size to accommodate the material to be used to restore the size and shape of the original teeth in a correct alignment and contact with the opposing teeth. The dimensions of the bridge are defined by Ante's Law: "The root surface area of the abutment teeth has to equal or surpass that of the teeth being replaced with pontics".

Bicyclic molecule

A bicyclic molecule is a molecule that features just two rings. Bicyclic molecules occur widely in organic and inorganic compounds. Among organic compounds, the two rings can be fully carbocyclic (all atoms in each ring all carbons), or one or both can be heterocyclic (at least one atom in the rings not a carbon atom). Moreover, the two rings can both be aliphatic, or can be aromatic, or a combination of aliphatic and aromatic (cf. decalins and naphthalenes, norbornanes and cyclophanes, aliphatic spiro compounds and spiroaromatics, and biphenyl and cyclohexylbenzene, as aromatic and mixed examples).

Joining of the rings can occur in four ways: