Cage may refer to:
In the mathematical area of graph theory, a cage is a regular graph that has as few vertices as possible for its girth.
Formally, an (r,g)-graph is defined to be a graph in which each vertex has exactly r neighbors, and in which the shortest cycle has length exactly g. It is known that an (r,g)-graph exists for any combination of r ≥ 2 and g ≥ 3. An (r,g)-cage is an (r,g)-graph with the fewest possible number of vertices, among all (r,g)-graphs.
If a Moore graph exists with degree r and girth g, it must be a cage. Moreover, the bounds on the sizes of Moore graphs generalize to cages: any cage with odd girth g must have at least
vertices, and any cage with even girth g must have at least
vertices. Any (r,g)-graph with exactly this many vertices is by definition a Moore graph and therefore automatically a cage.
There may exist multiple cages for a given combination of r and g. For instance there are three nonisomorphic (3,10)-cages, each with 70 vertices : the Balaban 10-cage, the Harries graph and the Harries–Wong graph. But there is only one (3,11)-cage : the Balaban 11-cage (with 112 vertices).
A cage is an enclosure made of mesh, bars or wires, used to confine, contain or protect something or someone. A cage can serve many purposes, including keeping an animal in captivity, capturing, and being used for display of an animal at a zoo.
In history, prisoners were sometimes kept in a cage. They would sometimes be chained up inside into uncomfortable positions to intensify suffering.
Cages have been usually been used to capture or trapping a certain life form. For this reason, they've been known as a hunting accessory, often used for poaching animals or simply seizing them.
Cages are often used now as a source to confine animals. These provide as a habitat to the animal, and since they've advanced so greatly, they are now specially designed to fit that species of animal. Captive breeds of birds, rodents, reptiles, and even larger animals have also been known to be confined in a cage as a domesticated animal (also known as a pet). Captivity is a common purpose of the cage.
Sociobiological theories of rape explores how evolutionary adaptation influences the psychology of rapists. Such theories are highly controversial, as traditional theories typically do not consider rape to be a behavioral adaptation. Some object to such theories on ethical, religious, political, or scientific grounds. Others argue that a correct knowledge of the causes of rape is necessary to develop effective preventive measures.
The idea that rape evolved under some circumstances as a genetically advantageous behavioral adaptation was popularized by biologist Randy Thornhill and anthropologist Craig T. Palmer in their 2000 book A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion.
It has been noted that behavior resembling rape in humans is observed in the animal kingdom, including ducks and geese, bottlenose dolphins, and chimpanzees. Indeed in orangutans, close human relatives, copulations of this nature may account for up to half of all observed matings. Such behaviours, referred to as ‘forced copulations’, involve an animal being approached and sexually penetrated as it struggles or attempts to escape. These observations of forced sex among animals are not controversial. What is controversial is the interpretation of these observations and the extension of theories based on them to humans. “Thornhill introduces this theory by describing the sexual behavior of scorpionflies. In which the male may gain sex from the female either by presenting a gift of food during courtship or without a nuptial offering, in which case force is necessary to restrain her.”
Rape (Norwegian: Voldtekt) is a 1971 false document Norwegian film by renowned female director Anja Breien. The film deals with a young man who is mistakenly accused of one rape and one attempted rape and how he is being processed by the judicial system. The film is shot in black and white and is divided into sections corresponding to the respective sections of Norwegian trial law which the accused encounters.
Rapeseed (Brassica napus), also known as rape,oilseed rape,rapa, rappi, rapaseed (and, in the case of one particular group of cultivars, canola), is a bright-yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae (mustard or cabbage family), consumed in China (油菜: Mandarin Pinyin yóucài; Cantonese:yau choy) and Southern Africa as a vegetable. The name derives from the Latin for turnip, rāpa or rāpum, and is first recorded in English at the end of the 14th century. Older writers usually distinguished the turnip and rape by the adjectives 'round' and 'long' (-'rooted'), respectively.Rutabagas, Brassica napobrassica, are sometimes considered a variety of B. napus. Some botanists also include the closely related B. campestris within B. napus.
B. napus is cultivated mainly for its oil-rich seed, the third-largest source of vegetable oil in the world.
Rapeseed is known by many common names in the English language. Some names have only been applied to certain subspecies (subsp.), forms (f.), or varieties (var.) of B. napus. B. napus = B. napus subsp. napus = B. napus subsp. napus f. napus.